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.+     T"    /-/  CWnmbia  IMwtalty , 

g^,     U.     II,  NewYorHi 

AN  INVESTIGATION 


AS  TO 


The  Danger  of  Poisoning  from  Lead  and 

Arsenic  in  Industries  Located  Outside 

of  Greater  New  York 


By  C.  T.  GRAHAM-ROGERS,  M.  D. 

Medical  Inspector  of  Factories 
AND 

JOHN  H.  VOGT,  B.  S. 

Factory  Inspector 


Reprint  of  Appendix  VIII  to  Second  Report  of  the  New  York  State 

Factory  Investigating  Commission,  submitted  to  the 

Legislature  January  15,  1913 


ALBANY 

J.  B.  LYON  COMPANY.  PRINTERS 

1913 


/ 


c-  r^u. 


APPENDIX  VIII 


AX  INVESTIGATION  AS  TO  THE  DANGER  OF  POISON 
ING  FROM  LEAD  AND  ARSENIC 

IN  INDUSTRIES  LOCATED  OUTSIDE  OF  GREATER 

NEW  YORK. 

BY 

C.  T.  Graham-Rogees,  j\L  D., 

///  '  ' 

Medial   f  us  pec  tor  of  Factories 

AND 

John  H.  Vogt,  B.  S. 
Factory  Inspector. 


/25l 

■14 


PREFACE 

Hon.  John  Williams, 

Commissioner  of  Labor, 

Albany,  N.  Y. 

Sm. —  Upon  request  of  the  State  Factory  Investigation  Com- 
mission an  investigation  was  undertaken  as  to  the  danger  of  lead 
and  arsenic  poisoning  in  industries  located  outside  of  Greater 
~Nevr  York  City. 

It  was  the  aim  of  the  present  investigation  to  determine  where 
the  danger  point  in  the  industry,  or  process  of  manufacture  was, 
how  it  could  be  eliminated  or  guarded,  and  the  health  of  the 
worker  protected;  also,  the  relationship  of  the  worker  and  the 
industry  to  the  question  of  poisoning. 

This  necessitated  not  only  an  inspection  and  examination  of 
the  industry  and  various  processes  of  manufacture,  a  chemical 
analyses  of  the  ingredients  and  raw  material  used,  and  the  atmos- 
pheric conditions  under  which  the  work  was  carried  on,  but  also  a 
physical  examination  of  the  workers.  The  latter  undertaking 
presented  difficulties,  as  a  proper  and  complete  physical  examina- 
tion requires  considerable  time,  and  in  many  cases  the  workers 
declined  to  undergo  the  ordeal,  therefore  this  portion  of  the  in- 
vestigation was  limited  to  inquiries,  a  superficial  physical  examin- 
ation, and  in  some  cases  estimation  of  haemoglobin  and  urine 
analysis. 

Together  with  Factory  Inspector  John  IT.  Vogt,  to  whom  was 
entrusted  the  supervision  of  the  analytical  work,  visits  were  made 
to  factories  wherein  lead  and  arsenic  or  their  compounds  wore 
used,  or  reputed  to  be  used. 

In   view  of  the  short  time  allotted  for  the  work,    it  was    an 
impossibility  to  cover  every  industry,  or  even  every  factory  of  a 
particular  industry,  so  as  to  make  the  investigation  a  complete 
one,  but  an  effort  was  made  to  cover  at  least  one  or  more  fact" 
in  each  industry  and  so  make  the  investigation  an  intensive  one. 

During  the  course  of  the  work  it  was  found  that  in  many  in- 
dustries modern  methods  and  recent  chemical  advance-  had  pro- 


1084        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

vided  harmless  substitutes  for  the  more  dangerous  ingredients 
formerly  used,  but  nevertheless,  analyses  of  conditions  were  made 
as  confirmatory  records. 

The  lack  of  reliable  morbidity,  and  even  mortality  statistics, 
makes  the  compilation  of  comparative  data  a  difficult  task,  and 
as  there  is,  in  many  instances,  a  vast  difference  between  the  pro- 
cesses of  manufacture,  and  ingredients  used  in  industries  in  this 
State,  as  compared  with  the  same  processes  and  industries  in 
foreign  countries,  especially  Great  Britain,  the  splendid  statistics 
gathered  by  the  authorities  abroad,  are  not,  in  all  cases,  applicable 
for  comparative  data. 

Most  important  factors  are  personal  hygiene  and  housing  con- 
ditions, but  these  questions  the  Department  was  unable  to  take 
up ;  it  was  understood  that  the  Commission  would  endeavor  to 
study  these  problems. 

It  will  be  readily  seen  then  that  the  conclusions  arrived  at  are 
based  upon  actual  facts  so  far  as  the  industries  are  concerned,  and 
upon  observed  conditions  of  the  employees  while  at  work  or  about 
the  factories.  The  task  of  definitely  placing  the  burden  of 
responsibility  is  a  difficult  one,  but  in  so  far  as  the  processes  of 
manufacture  are  concerned  the  work  was  lightened.  By  means  of 
physical  and  chemical  determination,  the  exact  cause,  and  the 
definite  danger  point  have  been  determined,  and  definite  as  well 
as  practical  safeguards  have  been  recommended. 

The  results  of  the  investigation  are  by  no  means  final,  and  it  is 
intended  to  pursue  further  investigation  as  to  the  industries'  part 
in  the  question,  as  well  as  undertake  research  work  as  to  the 
effect  upon  the  human  economy,  so  that  if  possible,  the  danger  of 
poisoning  may  be  entirely  eliminated. 

That  the  report  may  be  comprehensive,  the  general  discussion 
has  not  been  confined  to  our  findings  in  the  industries  visited, 
but  includes  historical,  chemical,  and  toxicological  references.  In 
the  preparation  of  the  report,  numerous  works  of  reference  have 
been  consulted,  and  as  is  often  the  case,  specific  mention  may  have 
been  inadvertently  omitted,  a  bibliography  has  therefore  been 
appended.  While  not  as  complete  as  could  be  wished  for,  it  is 
hoped  that  the  list  of  references  may  be  of  aid  to  those  engaged  in 
further  research.     Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Board  of  Directors, 


Appendix  VIII-     Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        10S5 

there  was  placed  at  our  disposal,  the  use  of  the  laboratory  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  Clinic.  Through  the  kindness  of  President  Rush 
Rhees,  and  Prof.  Victor  Chambers  of  the  Rochester  University, 
we  were  favored  to  have  the  use  of  a  small  research  laboratory  in 
the  chemistry  building  of  the  university.  The  enjoyment  of 
these  privileges  where  analytical  work  could  be  performed  to  a 
completion  was  of  inestimable  value  and  aid  in  completing  the 
investigation. 

The  investigation  was  not  merely  confined  to  analyses  of  atmos- 
pheric conditions,  but  analyses  were  made  of  urine,  gloves,  cloth- 
ing, materials  used  in  various  processes  of  manufacture,  water 
in  which  the  workers  had  previously  washed  their  hands,  towels. 
dust,  and  floor  sweepings. 

LEAD  POISONING. 

Lead  is  a  metal  which  has  been  known  from  the  earliest  times. 
It  is  mentioned  in  Job  xix,  24.  It  was  used  by  the  Romans  to 
make  water  pipes  which  were  soldered  by  lead  and  tin,  and 
articles  made  from  it  bearing  Roman  inscriptions  and  dates  are 
still  preserved.  Pliny  mentions  the  metal  as  "  plumbum  nigrum  " 
and  "  plumbum  album,"  and  uses  the  word  minium  in  its  present 
sense  of  red  lead.  Dioscorides  described  a  substance  "molubdania," 
which  was  undoubtedly  litharge.  The  wdiite  lead  of  the  present 
day  was  well  known  to  Gober  in  the  eighth  century,  and  lead 
salts,  red  lead  and  litharge  (both  oxides  of  lead)  were  known  to 
the  alchemists,  who  designated  lead  by  the  sign  of  Saturn  ^. 
Small  weights  of  lead  have  been  found  among  Viking  remains 
dating  as  early  as  the  tenth  century. 

The  earliest  discovery  of  lead  on  the  American  Continent  is 
recorded  fourteen  years  after  the  landing  of  the  first  English 
settlers  in  Virginia.  In  1621  lead  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Jamestown  near  Falling  Creek.  The  increased  demand  for 
bullets  by  the  settlers  furthered  the  search  for  the  metal.  The 
French  settlers  also  induced  the  Indians  to  hunt  for  the  metal,  for 
which  they  in  turn  gave  them  trinkets  and  even  firearms.  Some 
time  elapsed  before,  by  accident,  it  was  found  that  the  Indians 
living  in  the  vicinity  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  were  busily  engaged 
in  making  the  metal  from  ore.  They  readily  reduced  the  metal 
44 


1086        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

from  the  ore  by  building  fires  over  masses  of  the  ore  and  digging 
small  trenches  away  from  the  fire  into  which  the  metal  could  run. 
Thus  was  the  beginning  of  the  lead  industry,  the  field  of  which 
has  reached  such  enormous  porportions. 

On  account  of  the  many  uses  to  which  lead  can  be  put  in  the 
arts,  and  its  wide  distribution  over  the  earth,  large  quantities  are 
mined  in  many  countries  in  Europe,  South  America,  Asia,  and 
North  America.  Native  lead  is  of  rare  occurrence,  found  in  but 
few  places,  and  then  only  in  a  laminated  form.  The  metal  is 
chiefly  obtained  from  the  minerals  galenite,  cerussite,  and 
anglessite.  Until  recent  years  the  metal  was  obtained  from  no 
other  source  than  from  the  mineral  galenite  which  contains  approx- 
imately 86.6%  lead,  and  13.4%  sulphur.  Large  deposits  of 
galean  or  galenite  are  found  in  Great  Britain,  Germany,  Spain. 
Norway,  Turkey,  France,  Isle  of  Man,  Scotland,  Wales  and  the 
United  States.  The  Colorado  smelting  works  which  came  into 
importance  in  1878,  yielded  in  1887,  70,000  tons  of  the  metal. 
The  works  and  mines  are  located  at  Leadville  where  much  of  the 
ore  occurs  as  cerussite,  a  native  carbonate  of  lead.  Idaho,  Utah. 
Missouri,  New  Mexico,  Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania,  and  Montana 
are  also  large  producers  of  lead.  According  to  "  The  Mineral 
Industry  "  by  Charles,  published  in  1911,  no  new  mines  were  dis- 
covered since  1910.  The  amount  of  crude  lead  production  in  the 
United  States  during  1911  amounted  to  400.988  tons  as  compared 
to  the  production  in  1910  of  392.704  tons. 

In  New  York  State,  lead  is  found  in  the  form  of  galenite  at 
Rossi e,  St.  Lawrence  County  in  gneiss,  the  vein  being  three  to 
four  feet  wide.  It  is  found  near  Wurtsboro,  Sullivan  County, 
associated  with  pyrite.  At  Ossining-on-the-Hudson.  cerrussite  is 
found  with  some  galenite  (galena).  At  Otisville.  Orange  County, 
where  in  1910  some  prospecting  was  done  at  the  Phoenix  lead- 
zinc  mine,  a  vein  was  reported  at  350  feet  from  the  tunnel  mouth, 
the  vein  being  drifted  upon  for  200  feet.  At  Macomb,  St.  Law- 
rence County,  where  galenite  (galena)  associated  with  blend  and 
almost  pure  calceiteis  was  found,  a  20-ton  concentrating  mill  had 
been  in  operation  up  to  1911.  Lead  is  found  in  millstone  grit 
in  a  large  vein  at  Ancram.  Columbia  County.  These  localities 
are  at  present  producing  no  metal  whatever.     It  is  probable  that 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  axd  Arsenic  Poisoxixg.         1087 

the  workings  cannot  be  successfully  carried  on  with  any  profit 
due  to  the  remoteness  from  railroads,  and  the  low  grade  of  the  ore. 

Chemistry. 

Lead  (Plumbum)  is  a  bluish  white,  soft  metal,  having  a  bright 
metallic  lustre  when  freshly  cut  or  melted.  It  is  readily  oxidized 
when  exposed  to  the  air,  but  suffers  very  little  loss  when  compared 
with  other  metals.  It  can  be  readily  scratched  with  the  human 
nail,  easily  cut  with  a  knife,  and  makes  a  streak  on  paper.  On 
account  of  its  softness  it  can  be  readily  rolled  into  sheets  when 
cold,  and  its  low  melting  point,  663°  F.-334°  C,  makes  it  a  decid- 
edly useful  metal  for  casting  type,  pipe,  ornaments,  etc. 

There  are  two  oxides  necessary  to  notice. 

Litharge  or  lead  oxide,  contains  92.82%  of  lead.  It  is  either 
in  crystalline  scales,  a  fused  mass,  or  a  powder,  varying  in  color 
from  yellow  to  reddish  yellow  or  orange,  and  when  prepared 
below  the  melting  point  is  called  "  massicot." 

Minium  or  red  lead  is  a  compound  of  protoxide  of  lead  with 
the  dioxide.     It  is  of  a  brilliant  red  color. 

Sulphate  of  lead  contains  73.61%  lead,  when  produced  arti- 
ficially is  a  heavy  white  powder  insoluble  to  a  great  extent  in 
water.  The  sulphate  can  be  readily  changed  into  the  carbonate 
by  boiling  it  with  solutions  of  the  alkaline  carbonates.  The  sul- 
phate, fused  with  cyanide  of  potassium,  yields  metallic  lead. 

Acetate  of  lead,  sugar  of  lead,  is  found  commercially  in  white 
spongy  masses  composed  of  acicular  crystals.  It  may  also  be 
found  in  flat  four-sided  prisms.  It  has  a  sweet  metallic  taste  and 
is  soluble  in  water. 

Chloride  of  lead  contains  74.48%  of  lead  and  is  in  the  form  of 
brilliant  crystalline  needles. 

Carbonate  of  lead,  white  lead,  is  composed  of  a  mixture  of  neu- 
tralcarbonate  of  lead  and  hydrate  of  lead. 

As  a  pigment  we  have  chromate  of  lead  and  a  bichromate  of 
lead. 

Before  entering  upon  the  analytical  work  where  it  was  known 
that  very  small  amounts  of  lead  were  to  be  dealt  with,  it  was  nec- 
essary to  consult  the  latest  text  books  for  methods  to  conduct 
quantitative  and  qualitative  analyses.     After  considerable  experi- 


108S         Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

uienting,  the  most  reliable,  accurate  and  speedy  method  adaptable 
to  atmospheric  analysis  proved  to  be  that  of  Schwarlz  m  idified 
by  Diehl,  and  still  further  modified  by  Mr.  Vogt. 

In  all  operations  for  atmospheric  analysis,  where,  owing  to  the 
nature  of  the  work  lead  was  supposed  to  exist,  large  volumes  of 
air.  not  less  than  1,000  litres,  were  aspirated  through  a  battery 
of  specially  designed  wash  bottles  containing  doubly  distilled 
water,  by  means  of  an  air  pump.  The  exact  capacity  of  the  pump 
having  been  definitely  determined,  the  exact  amount  of  air  pass- 
ing through  the  solution  was  known.  After  securing  a  sample,  the 
solution  in  the  bottle  was  decanted,  the  suspended  material  in  the 
solution  dissolved  in  nitro-hydrochloric  acid,  the  solution  evap- 
orated to  a  small  bulk,  to  which  is  added  sulphuric  acid,  and 
allowed  to  stand  for  at  least  twenty-four  hours.  The  solution  is 
again  evaporated  until  fumes  of  sulphuric  acid  appear,  distilled 
water  is  then  added,  and  the  solution  run  through  an  asbestos 
filter  devised  by  Mr.  Vogt.  The  residue  after  thorough  washing 
is  transferred  to  a  flask  and  strong  ammonium  acetate  added. 
whereby  the  sulphate  of  lead  is  dissolved.  The  residue  is  again 
filtered,  the  filter  being  treated  with  hydrochloric  acid,  water,  and 
finally  acetate  of  ammonium  and  hot  water.  To  the  filtrate  placed 
in     the     flask     is     added     the  solution     of     potassium 

bichromate  in  excess,  whereby  the  lead  is  precipitated  in  the  form 
of  chromate.  The  excess  of  potassium  bichromate  is  estimated  by 
tottoo  solution  of  soclic  thiosulphate.  The  two  standard  solu- 
tions were  in  every  case  standardized  before  every  series  of  tests, 
in  order  to  obtain  exact  results. 

In  some  cases  the  lead  was  determined  colormetrically  by  the 
addition  of  sodic  sulphate  and  dissolving  the  lead  sulphate  in 
ammonium  acetate  as  before  mentioned,  the  brownish  color  formed 
indicates  the  presence  of  lead,  corresponding  to  the  exact  bulk  of 
the  solution  to  be  tested.  By  means  of  this  method  accurate 
results  were  obtained. 

In  the  examination  of  gloves,  aprons,  clothing,  floor  sweepings 
and  water  from  the  washings  of  the  hands  of  men  and  women. 
the  method  employed  was  as  follows: 

First,  all  organic  matter  was  destroyed  by  using  one  of  the 
well  known  methods  according  to  Prescott.   then  dissolving  the 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.         L089 

residue,  filter  and  convert  into  the  form  of  a  lead  sulphate  and 
estimate,  either  gravimetrically  or  volumetric-ally  by  means  of  the 
methods  previously  mentioned  and  modified  by  Schwartz. 

In  the  analyses  of  urine  for  the  presence  of  lead,  large  quanti- 
ties of  urine  are  necessary,  as  well  as  plenty  of  time,  so  analyses 
along  this  line  was  limited.     The  method  employed  was  as  follows: 

A  litre  of  urine  was  evaported  to  dryness  on  a  water  bath,  the 
residue  moistened  with  nitric  acid,  and  when  effervescence  has 
ceased,  the  bright  colored  residue  was  transferred  to  a  platinum 
crucible,  heated  and  carefully  ignited.  The  crucible  and  con- 
tents together  with  distilled  water  were  placed  in  a  beaker,  hydro- 
chloric acid  added,  filtered  hot  and  washed  with  hot  water.  To 
the  filtrate  was  added  ammonium  hydrate  and  ammonium  sulphide 
for  the  purpose  of  precipitating  the  lead  with  phosphates  a-nd 
iron.  The  filtrate  was  washed  by  decantation,  an  excess  of  hydro- 
chloric acid  added  to  dissolve  the  sulphide  of  iron  and  the  phos- 
phates. After  standing  some  hours,  the  mass  was  filtered,  washed 
with  boiling  water,  and  to  the  residue  of  the  filter  nitric  acid 
added;  after  washing  into  a  beaker,  the  material  was  evaporated 
to  dryness,  dissolved  in  a  very  little  acetic  acid  and  a  very  small 
quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  added,  sufficient,  however,  to  cause 
complete  precipitation.  A  cloudy  precipitate  indicated  lead, 
which  was  placed  in  small  cylinders  about  six  inches  long  which 
was  compared  with  a  similar  cylinder  containing  an  equal  amount 
of  a  trial  sample  of  sulphate  of  lead.  By  comparison  of  the 
colors  it  was  easy  to  calculate  the  amount  of  lead  present,  where 
the  color  did  not  compare,  new  trial  samples  were  made  until 
the  colors  matched. 

Where  doubt  existed  as  to  the  presence  of  lead  in  the  atmos- 
phere, the  microscope  was  used  upon  samples  obtained  in  places 
where  colors  known  to  be  of  lead  origin  were  used. 

Toxicology. 

Lead,  more  than  any  other  substance  has  engaged  the  attention 
of  writers  and  investigators  for  many  years,  and  the  literature 
relating  to  the  subject  is  voluminous.  In  fact,  it  would  seem  that 
the  lasl  word  had  been  written  and  published  upon  lead  poison- 
ing,  especially   in    connection   with   industrial   life,   and   further 


10CJO        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsexic  Poisoxixg. 

investigation  would  merely  emphasize  facts  already  established  as 
to  the  danger  and  ravages  incidental  to  its  use. 

The  fact  has  been  fully  established  that  lead  and  its  compounds 
are  poisonous,  the  toxicity  being  in  direct  proportion  to  the  solubil- 
ity in  the  human  economy. 

Notwithstanding  the  researches  and  investigations  made  as  to 
lead  poisoning,  there  is  still  considerable  discussion  as  to  the  means 
of  absorption  of  lead  into  the  system. 

All  authorities  agree  that  it  is  absorbed  through  the  alimentary 
tract,  and  this  has  been  a  definitely  accepted  fact  for  years. 

It  is  asserted  that  there  is  absorption  through  the  respiratory 
tract,  and  Dr.  Goadby  seems  to  have  proved  the  accuracy  of  this 
theory.  This  would  seem  to  confirm  the  findings  of  Tanquerel 
des  Planches  in  1840. 

Considerable  doubt  exits  as  to  whether  lead  is  absorbed  through 
the  skin.  Many  authorities  claim  it  is  impossible  if  the  skin 
is  unbroken  and  healthy.  M.  Manouvriez  and  Prof.  Proust  assert 
that  it  is  absorbed  through  the  skin,  and  this  view  seems  to  be 
taken  by  a  number  of  German  authorities. 

It  was  impossible  to  go  into  these  matters  owing  to  lack  of 
time  and  proper  facilities,  so  that  no  conclusions  as  to  the  last 
two  theories  can  be  ventured.  As  a  result  of  close  observations  I 
am  of  the  opinion  that  no  matter  whether  the  lead  is  inhaled,  or 
deposited  on  the  skin,  there  is  always  the  liability  of  some  of  it 
entering  the  alimentary  tract. 

The  susceptibility  of  individuals  to  lead  poisoning  varies  con- 
siderably, though  it  is  well  known  that  children  and  females  are 
affected  more  quickly  than  male  adults. 

In  many  cases  symptoms  of  poisoning  have  occurred  within  a 
very  short  period  after  exposure  to  the  poison.  It  is  reported 
that  fifteen  and  twenty  years  have  elapsed  before  any  trouble 
was  experienced.  In  my  own  experience  cases  have  been  seen 
where  symptoms  developed  over  ten  years  after  the  individual 
had  been  entirely  away  from  the  influence  of  lead  in  any  form. 

It  is  fully  conceded  that  the  acute  form  of  lead  poisoning  is 
rarely  seen  in  workers  engaged  in  the  industries;  it  is  deemed 
advisable,  however,  to  describe  the  symptoms  of  the  various  forms. 

Acute  lead  poisoning.  The  symptoms  of  this  form  usually 
occur  after  large  quantities  of  a  soluble  salt,  such  as  the  acetate, 


Appendix  YI1I — Lead  and  Absenic   Poisoning.        10U1 

is  taken  into  the  alimentary  tract.  There  is  a  sweet  metallic  taste 
in  the  mouth,  and  pain  in  the  epigastrum,  followed  by  colic.  At 
times  there  is  vomiting  of  a  whitish  liquid  or  curds.  \\  irh  the 
increased  gastro-intestinal  irritation,  diarrhoea  occurs,  or  the 
astringent  action  of  the  lead  may  result  in  constipation.  I  he 
feces  are  black  in  color,  due  to  the  action  of  the  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  in  the  intestines  converting  the  lead  salts  into  the  form 
of  a  sulphide.  There  is  excessive  thirst.  Cramps  in  the  calves 
of  the  legs  are  complained  of,  and  muscular  twitching  may  be 
noticed.     In  fatal  cases  there  may  be  spasms,  coma,  and  collapse. 

Owing  to  the  insidious  nature  of  the  poison,  and  the  absorption 
of  small  quantities  over  a  long  period,  the  form  of  industrial  lead 
poisoning  seen  is  usually  chronic. 

Chronic  lead  poisoning.  The  symptoms  of  this  form  are  at- 
tributable to  disturbances  of  nutrition,  and  of  the  gastro-intestinal 
and  nervous  systems.  Xo  poisoning  presents  such  a  variety  of 
symptoms  which  similate  those  of  many  diseases,  or  even  other 
poisoning. 

Disturbances  of  nutrition.  The  primary  symptom  is  a  marked 
anaemia,  resembling  to  great  extent  that  of  pernicious  anaemia, 
or  anaemia  of  renal  disease.  The  percentage  of  haemoglobin  and 
the  number  of  red  blood  cells  are  reduced,  but  there  is  no  change 
in  the  absolute  number  of  leucocytes.  In  my  opinion,  the  least 
sign  of  anaemia  in  a  worker,  confirmed  by  blood  examination, 
should  be  sufficient  cause  to  remove  him  from  the  influence  of 
lead  and  begin  treatment  for  poisoning. 

The  presence  of  a  bluish  line  of  the  gums  has  always  been 
considered  as  diagnostic  of  lead  poisoning,  even  where  all  other 
signs  fail.  It  is  pointed  out  by  Prof.  Osier  that  it  may  be  con- 
founded with  a  line  on,  not  in,  the  gums,  which  is  readily  re- 
movable by  cleaning  the  teeth.  In  my  experience,  many  cases 
with  marked  symptoms  of  poisoning  have  not  shown  the  least 
sign  on  the  gums,  and  in  a  large  number  of  workers  who  were 
not  exposed  to  lead  in  any  form,  a  blue  condition  of  the  gums 
was  found,  due  to  an  irritation  and  retraction  of  the  gums  result- 
ing from  tartar  deposits  on  the  teeth. 

Gastro-intestinal  symptoms.  Among  the  first  symptoms  of  lead 
poisoning   is  the  "  colic."'  known  under  various  names  as  Colica 


1092        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

saturnina,  Colica  pictonum,  painters'  colic,  Devonshire  colic.  The 
pain  is  of  an  intense  character,  generally  in  the  region  of  the 
umbilicus,  coming  on  in  paroxysms  of  long  or  short  durations, 
but  relieved  by  pressure  upon  the  abdomen.  Poisoning  exhibits 
itself  in  the  form  of  dyspepsia  or  indigestion  and  severe  constipa- 
tion, and  there  may  be  merely  attacks  of  nausea  and  vomiting. 

Nervous  symptoms.  These  are  usually  in  the  form  of  a 
paralysis  termed  "  lead  palsy,"  or  affections  of  the  brain  termed 
"  lead  encephalopathy.''  So  much  has  been  published  relating  to 
these  forms  that  but  brief  mention  will  be  made  of  them. 

The  type  of  paralysis  best  known  is  that  of  the  extensor  muscles 
of  the  fingers  and  wrists,  producing  the  well  described  "  wrist 
drop."  Preceding  this  condition  there  is  usually  an  arthralgia 
with  pains  in  the  joints  and  muscles.  The  knees  are  usually  first 
affected,  next  the  elbow  and  shoulder  joints.  At  times  the  muscles 
of  the  chest  and  neck  are  affected. 

Encephalopathy  is  not  at  all  common  and  is  due  to  the  action 
of  lead  upon  the  nerve  centres.  The  symptoms  include  convul- 
sions, delirium,  coma,  asphasia,  hysteria  and  insanity. 

The  diagnosis  of  lead  poisoning  should  not  be  difficult,  when 
there  is  a  history  of  exposure  to  lead,  but  many  patients  are 
treated  for  rheumatism,  stomach  trouble,  nervous  troubles,  liver 
trouble,  syphilitic  paralysis,  and  even  operated  upon  for  appendi- 
citis, when  the  case  is  one  of  lead  poisoning,  the  cause  of  which 
has  been  entirely  overlooked. 

Where  there  is  danger  of  mixed  poisoning,  such  as  arsenic, 
there  may  be  slight  difficulty  of  diagnosis.  This  is  discussed  in 
the  report  on  arsenic  poisoning. 

Lead  is  stored  up  in  the  organs  of  the  body  for  an  indefinite 
length  of  time,  and,  when  eliminated,  it  is  in  very  small  amounts 
through  the  urine,  hence  there  are  a  large  number  of  diseases  re- 
motely caused  by  the  absorption  of  the  lead. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  analysts  as  a  rule  seek  for 
lead  in  all  cases  of  suspected  adulteration  of  food  or  drink,  and 
that  cases  may  be  traced  to  the  use  of  lead  pipe  for  drinking  water 
or  beverages.  Thus  care  must  be  taken  not  to  indiscriminately 
place  the  burden  upon  the  industries. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 


Hi'.): 


old 


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m 


Dr.   Layet  prepared   a  table  of  professions  where  the  worker 
was  exposed  to  lead  poisoning.     There  are  111  of  these,  as  follows : 

Use  of  color  in  matches. 
Manufacture  of  coach  tops. 

Coverings  of  wagons  and  coach 
hood-. 

Manufacture  of  leather  varnish. 

Manufacture  of  vitrified  bottles. 

Manufacture  of  gloves. 

Manufacture  of  pewter  and  lead 
toys. 

Manufacture  of  white  rubber. 

Waxed  linen,  and  napped  cloth 

Varnished  furniture. 

Chemical  furnaces. 

Making  of  bottle  caps. 

Glazed  cardboard  and  paper. 

Manufacture    of    chromate    of 
had. 

Manufacture  of  white  lead. 

Making  of  colored  crayons. 

Making  of  steel  augers  and  bits. 

Making  of  watered  paper. 

Making  of  enamelled  ware. 

Manufacture  of  pins. 

Making  of  metallic  cloth. 

Oxychlorate  of  lead. 

Toy  makers. 

Making  of  musical  instruments. 

Making  of  cartridges. 

Making  of  minium   and  massi- 
cot. 

Making  of  litharge. 

Making  of  acetate  of  lead. 

Making  of  shot. 

Making  of  putty. 

Making  of  tinted  satin  paper. 


Refiners  of  lead. 

Lead  fitters. 

Cloth  singers. 

Cloth  dressers. 

Artistic  paints. 

Laundresses. 

Bakers    burning    old    woo< 

oven. 
Bronzers. 
Brush  makers. 
Color  grinders. 
Workers  in  hair. 
Manufacture  of  cardboard. 
Hatters. 
Beltmakers. 
Armorers. 

Tinkers. 

Chauffeurs  and  mechanicians. 

Colorers  of  official  paper  bands. 

Makers  of  cigarette  paper  and 
wrappers. 

Iron  wire  workers. 

Shoemakers. 

Dressmakers. 

Decorators  of  porcelain. 

Lace  makers. 

Stamping    of    embroidery    pat- 
terns. 

Solderers  of  can-. 

Gilders  on  wood. 

Cabinet  maker-. 

Enamelers  of  electric  porcelain. 

Bookkeepers  using  sealing  wax. 

Assaying  precious  metals. 

Tinning  or  silvering  metal. 


1094        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 


Making  of  organ  pipes. 
Making  of  material  for  pasting 

on  windows  to  decorate. 
Making  of  crockery. 
Making  of  artificial  flowers. 
Plumbers  and  tinners. 
Lead  workers  and  founders. 
Casters  and  polishers  of  letters. 
Casters  of  brass,  bronze,  etc. 
Manufacture  of  paste  jewels. 
Printers,  compositors. 
Journalists,  proof  readers. 
Lithographers. 
Lead  rollers. 
Lapidaries. 
Fur  dressers. 
Carpenters,  and  handlers  of  old 

wood. 
Dealers  and  mixers  of  colors. 
Jewellers. 
Workers  in  copper. 
Lead  miners. 
Workers  in  glazes. 
Making  metallic  capsules. 
Fasteners  of  bottles  with  wire. 


Making  of  cut  glass. 

Makers  of  perfumes. 

Pharmacists. 

Painters. 

Coach    painters,    scrapers    and 

giazers. 
Decorators  and  painters. 
Making  plumbers'  supplies. 
Polishing  of  cameos. 
Pewterers  of  tin. 
Enamellers  of  porcelain. 
Passamenterie. 
Cloth  cutters. 
Pile  cutters. 
Glass  cutters. 
Locksmiths. 
Calico  printers. 
Telegraphists. 
Weavers. 
Making  of  tile. 
Wire  drawers. 

Handling  of  public  documents. 
Making  of  glass. 
Glaziers. 


This  is  an  interesting  list,  but  when  it  is  considered  how  wide- 
spread is  the  use  of  lead  and  its  compounds  it  might  seem  that 
a  list  prepared  of  the  few  professions  where  there  is  no  danger 
would  speedily  attract  attention. 

Statistics  collected  relating  to  lead  poisoning  are  voluminous, 
but  this  fact  stands  prominent  in  all,  namely,  the  danger  appears 
greatest  among  painters,  white  lead  makers,  and  workers  in 
potteries. 

The  result  of  the  first  year  of  compulsory  reporting  of  indus- 
trial poisoning  in  this  State  would  indicate  that  the  greatest 
number  of  cases  of  lead  poisoning  occurred  among  painters,  and 
next  among  workers  at  storage  batteries,  and  only  a  few  cases 
among  white  lead  workers. 


Appendix  YiII —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning.         1095 

A  number  of  lay  investigators  report  finding  large  numbers 
of  poisoning  among  -white  lead  workers  in  this  State,  but  as  no 
white  lead  works  came  within  the  scope  of  this  investigation  the 
statistics  cannot  be  verified.  From  my  own  experience  in  visits 
to  white  lead  works,  there  are  probably  many  true  cases  not 
reported  or  recognized,  and  it  is  possible  that  many  cases  are 
wrongly  diagnosed  as  leaded. 

Industeies. 

To  properly  investigate  every  industry  wherein  there  was  re- 
puted to  be  danger  from  lead  poisoning  would  prove  a  task  of 
gigantic  proportions  covering  a  long  space  of  time,  and  to  make 
a  complete  study  of  the  subject  in  but  a  few  of  the  industries 
where  most  danger  exists  is  a  task  of  herculean  aspect. 

An  endeavor  was  made  to  investigate  as  many  industries  as 
possible,  and  especially  the  factories  having  had  cases  occur 
which  were  reported  to  the  Department.  A  table  is  appended 
showing  the  results  of  our  visits. 

During  the  course  of  our  visits  experiments  were  tried  to  dis- 
cover some  means  for  ascertaining  the  presence  of  lead  in  the 
system,  before  the  manifestation  of  any  symptoms,  but  all  proved 
unsuccessful.  One  method  proved  of  value  in  another  direction. 
A  French  authority  had  reported  that  the  use  of  an  alkaline  solu- 
tion of  sodium  sulphide  applied  to  the  skin  would  aid  in  detect- 
ing the  presence  of  lead  in  the  system  when  there  were  no  other 
signs.  A  10%  alkaline  solution  of  sodium  sulphide  was  made 
up  and  tried,  but  with  no  results,  even  on  cases  showing  marked 
symptoms,  but  it  did  serve  to  show  the  presence  of  lead  on  the 
skin  when  the  worker  failed'  to  wash  properly.  Some  one  hun- 
dred workers  were  tested  after  they  had  washed  their  hands  thor- 
oughly with  soap  and  water  after  the  day's  work,  or  at  noon  time. 
Upon  applying  the  sulphide  solution,  65%  showed  the  presence 
of  lead  (through  the  formation  of  a  gray  spot  where  lead  sulphide 
was  formed  upon  combination  with  the  alkaline  sodium  sulphide), 
showing  the  absolute  necessity  of  some  means  guaranteeing  clean- 
liness. In  several  plants,  where  a  popular  brand  of  washing 
powder  was  used,  fifteen  workers  who  used  the  powder  were  ex- 
amined and  no  lead  found.  It  is  probable  that  the  ingredients  of 
the  powder  converted  such  lead  as  was  not  removed  into  an  in- 


1096         Appendix  VI J I  —  Lead  axd  Absenic  Poisoning. 

soluble  sulphate,  proving  this  type  of  cleanser  to  be  an  excellent 
one,  and  a  means  for  prophylaxis. 

In  the  description  of  the  various  industries  visited,  an  attempt 
has  been  made  to  group  them  under  special  headings  or  classifica- 
tions. In  many  instances  there  have  been  carried  on  in  one 
plant  a  number  of  processes  which  might  be  grouped  under  differ- 
ent headings.  In  such  cases  the  process  has  been  referred  to 
under  the  heading  and  the  plant  described  as  a  whole. 

Mining: 

The  danger  in  mining  arises  from  the  dust  created,  as  well  as 
from  the  workers  soiling  their  hands  and"  body.  The  danger  from 
dust  during  the  process  of  drilling  can  be  eliminated,  and  in  the 
Leadville,  United  States,  mines  drills  are  fitted  with  an  arrange- 
ment to  exhaust  the  dust  generated. 

Two  mines  at.  Mac-comb  were  visited,  but  they  had  not  been 
worked  in  many  months.  At  the  larger  mine  the  former  foreman 
wias  interviewed,  and  though  he  claimed  never  to  have  had 
any  symptoms  of  lead  poisoning,  his  appearance  was  very  much 
like  that  of  a  lead  anaemia.  He  stated  the  shaft  was  75  feet 
deep  with  drifts  of  about  150  feet.  Water  filled  the  mine  almost 
to  the  top  of  the  shaft.  Information  was  secured  that  several  of 
the  miners  had  suffered  from  severe  colic,  caused,  it  was  said,  by 
drinking  water  in  the  mine. 

Industries  Where  Lead  and  its  Alloys  are  Used. 
Smelting: 

One  small  plant  was  visited  where  lead  was  extracted  from  junk. 
It  was  little  more  than  a  shed,  and  no  work  was  in  progress  at 
time  of  visit.  Pots  were  covered  and  provided  with  a  hood  to 
carry  off  the  fumes.  Soap,  towels  and  goggles  were  furnished. 
It  was  admitted  that  meals  were  eaten  near  the  pots.  One  man 
was  seen,  he  was  anaemic,  and,  in  my  opinion,  suffering  from 
effects  of  lead. 

Lead  Pipe: 

In  making  lead  pipe,  the  lead  is  melted  in  pots,  then  run  into  a 
chamber  where  it  is  forced  out  through  a  mould  of  the  size  de- 
sired, or,  as  in  the  case  of  plumbers'  supplies,  of  a  certain  shape, 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic   Poisoning.        1097 

and  then  sawed  off.  In  the  manufacture  of  cable-  for  electrical 
use,  the  core  is  passed  through  the  hydraulic  chamber  and  covered 
with  the  lead  in  exactly  the  same  way  as  lead  pipe  is  made.  The 
cable  is  then  coiled  on  a  reel. 

The  danger  in  the  process  is  from  the  fumes  of  the  metal  pot, 
and  the  escape  into  the  air  of  oxides  resulting  from  the  cooling 
of  the  metal.  There  is  also  danger  to  the  worker  from  getting  the 
metal  or  oxides  upon  the  skin,  as  in  handling  the  product  with 
unprotected  hands. 

Solder: 

Solder  consists  of  lead  and  tin  with  sometimes  an  addition  of 
copper  or  zinc.  The  amount  of  lead  in  the  alloy  is  at  times  50% 
or  more,  according  to  the  softness  of  solder  required. 

Fourteen  plants  were  visited  where  lead  pipe,  solder,  or  lead 
cables  were  made. 

Lead  works.  This  is  a  two-story  building,  the  first  floor  of 
which  is  devoted  to  making  lead  pipe  and  solder.  The  floor  is 
170  feet  by  60  feet,  with  12  feet  height  of  ceiling.  Doors  and 
windows  are  located  on  one  side  and  at  front  and  rear  end.  Along 
one  side  of  the  building,  and  in  a  depression  of  the  floor,  are  situ- 
ated a  number  of  solder  pots  and  machines.  In  a  dark  corner  at 
one  end,  about  rive  feet  from  the  floor,  is  another  solder  machine, 
and  on  the  light  side  of  the  building  in  front  are  two  pipe 
machines,  the  lead  pots  of  which  are  hooded.  Five  of  the  solder 
pots  are  hooded,  but  one  tin  and  solder  pots  has  no  hood. 

In  the  making  of  plumbers'  supplies  (traps,  etc.),  after  sawing 
off  from  the  machine  the  edges  are  trimmed  by  filing,  and  then 
a  -mall  brass  cap  is  soldered  in  the  seal  of  the  trap.  There  are  a 
number  of  way-  then  in  which  the  workers  are  liable  to  be  affected 
by  the  lead  used.  Fifteen  men  arc  employed,  none  under  eighteen, 
and  mostly  all  adults. 

While  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to  keep  a  place  of  this  character 
clean,  there  was  room  for  improvement,  as  pig  lead  and  sheet 
lead,  together  with  dross  and  oxides,  were  scattered  about.  It 
was  claimed  the  place  was  cleaned  twice  or  three  times  a  week, 
but  twice  a  day  is  not  any  too  often.  During  the  work  the  men 
are  furnished  with  gloves,  which  T  noticed  they  wore.  There  was 
one  sink,  but  no  hot  water.    Meals  were  eaten  in  the  shop. 


1098        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  ajstd  Arsexic  Foisoxixg. 

In  this  place  a  clean  pair  of  gloves  was  furnished  one  worker 
and  analyzed  after  one  day's  use,  with  the  following  result,  lead 
present,  .0061  grams.  A  pair  of  gloves  said  to  have  been  used 
for  three  days  was  analyzed  and  showed  1.37  grams  lead.  Air 
samples  taken  at  machines  while  in  operation  showed  no  lead 
present. 

A  number  of  the  workers  are  anaemic  and  complain  of  having 
had  stomach  trouble,  one  was  undoubtedly  a  true  case,  having  been 
employed  two  years,  and  having  suffered  from  colic.  One  worker 
had  been  sixteen  years  with  the  firm,  was  robust,  showed  no 
symptoms,  but  had  a  distinct  blue  line  along  the  edges  of  the  gum, 
and  in  my  opinion  was  leaded. 

Lead  Company.  This  plant  formerly  made  white  lead,  but  now 
simply  acts  as  a  storage,  and  on  the  first  floor  fronting  the  street 
has  a  lead  pipe  machine.  The  room  is  80'  x  50'  and  12'  in  height. 
The  lead  pots  are  provided  with  a  hood,  and  blades  are  fitted  to 
main  shaft  to  aid  in  circulating  air.  Gloves  are  furnished  to  the 
workers;  hot  and  cold  water  and  soap  are  provided.  Meals  are 
eaten  in  room  where  pipe  is  made.  General  conditions  in  this 
place  are  good,  and  an  analysis  of  the  air  failed  to  show  any  lead 
present.  The  men  have  been  employed  a  number  of  years,  are 
cleanly,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Metal  Company.  This  plant  is  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of 
solder  and  babbitt  metal.  The  building  is  a  comparatively  new 
one-story  brick  structure  with  a  concrete  floor.  Its  dimensions  are 
50'  x  60'  and  40'  to  the  peak  of  the  roof.  There  are  four  metal 
pots  situated  under  a  very  efficient  hood.  The  metal  is  dipped 
from  the  pots  and  poured  into  moulds,  during  the  operation  the 
workers  wear  gloves  furnished  by  the  firm.  The  place  is  kept 
clean,  and  hot  and  cold  water  is  provided.  Xo  meals  are  eaten 
in  the  lead  room.  There  are  three  employees  who  have  been  with 
the  firm  some  twenty  years,  and  showed  no  symptoms  of  plumb- 
ism.    Analysis  of  air  showed'  no  lead  present. 

Plumbers'  Supply  Co.  This  firm  manufactures  lead  pipe  and 
solder.  A  portion  of  the  building  is  devoted  to  this  work.  First 
floor,  50'x25/,  height,  12':  the  place  is  a  very  open  one.  There 
are  two  pipe  machines,  the  lead  pots  of  which  are  hooded.  One 
case  was  found.     He  had  been  working  seven  years  at  lead,  and 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1099 

for  five  years  has  been  suffering  from  'muscular  and  nervous 
troubles.  He  was  anaemic  and  had  the  blue  line  on  gums.  He 
took  no  precautions,  such  as  wearing  gloves,  and  was  not  very 
cleanly  as  to  person. 

The  second  floor  is  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  first  and  is 
devoted  to  the  making  of  solder.  There  is  one  lead  pot  hooded, 
and  solder  is  ladled  out  into  moulds.  There  is  one  worker  who 
has  been  seven  years  a  solder  maker,  and  for  four  years  has  been 
suffering  from  lead.  He  takes  no  precautions,  is  not  clean,  and 
drinks.     Has  a  blue  line  in  gum. 

The  firm  furnishes  no  gloves  to  the  workers,  and  there  is  hot 
water  only  when  the  boiler  used  for  heating  the  plant  is  in  opera- 
tion.    General  conditions  in  the  plant  are  fair. 

A  number  of  can  companies  were  visited  where  solder  was  made, 
and  are  described  under  soldering. 

Three  plants  were  visited  where  lead  cable  was  made  and  are 
described  further  on  in  the  report. 

Two  foundries  made  their  own  babbitt  metal. 

Two  storage  battery  plants  made  lead  castings  and  are  described 
under  a  special  heading. 

Company.  This  firm  makes  carborundum  wheels  and  during 
the  finishing,  lead  is  used  to  busk  (fasten)  in  the  iron  center  of 
the  wheel  which  fits  on  the  spindle  of  the  shaft.  There  are  eight 
men  engaged  at  this  work,  and  there  are  four  small  pots  in  the 
center  of  the  room.  The  shop  is  60'  x  200'  x  17'  high.  An 
exhaust  system  is  installed  to  remove  dust  from  the  dressing 
wheels,  but  at  time  of  visit  was  not  working  effectively  and  con- 
siderable irritating  dust  was  present  in  the  air.  There  was  no 
wash  room  for  this  portion  of  the  works,  but  goggles  and  respira- 
tors are  furnished,  but  seldom  worn.  Xo  lead  was  found  in  sam- 
ples taken,  and  no  cases  were  found.  There  is  room  for  needed 
improvement.  Gloves  should  be  supplied  the  lead  workers,  and 
the  pots  should  be  hooded.  Proper  washing  facilities  should  be 
installed. 

Several  locomotive  works  were  visited,  and  it  was  stated  lead 
was  used  for  filling  in  the  counterweights  on  the  driving  wheels, 
and  for  babbitt  on  the  bearings,  the  work  being  done  practically 


1100        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

in  the  open.     ISTo  work  was  being  done  during  the  time  of  our 
visit,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  could  be  found. 

Two  newspapers  were  visited  where  linotypes  were  used,  also 
stereotyping  done,  and  are  described  further  on. 

Lead  as  a  Tool  Hardener : 

With  the  forging  of  various  steel  objects,  lead  is  used  as  a 
hardening  agent.  The  steel  is  heated  to  a  red  color,  then 
plunged  into  a  pot  of  lead  heated  to  about  1500°  F.  and  then 
forged.  During  the  process,  the  worker  is  exposed  to  the  danger 
of  the  lead  fumes,  and  also  from  the  dust  containing  the  oxide 
which  results  from  cooling  and  during  forging. 

Arms  Co.,  ISTo.  1.  This  firm  manufactures  fire-arms  (guns), 
and  uses  lead  for  tempering  the  safety  springs  of  the  guns.  The 
lead  is  placed  in  small  pans  on  an  open  fire  and  springs  dipped 
in  them.  In  the  shop  is  a  vacuum  system  of  ventilation.  Wash- 
ing facilities  are  provided.  The  place  is  clean  and  no  cases  were 
found.     ISTo  lead  was  being  used  at  time  of  visit. 

Arms  Co.,  No.  2,  Blacksmith  Shop.  Lead  is  used  for  hardening 
special  steel,  none  being  used  at  time  of  visit.  When  in  use  is  in 
a  small  lead  crucible  with  no  hood.  Place  clean,  no  cases  found 
among  the  three  workers. 

Cartridge  Department.  This  in  on  the  first  floor  of  the  office 
building,  and  is  a  large  light  room,  70'  x  50'  x  12'.  A  lead  cable 
is  fed  to  a  machine  which  cuts  the  size  of  bullet.  The  bullet  is 
put  in  a  tumbler  then  fed  to  another  machine  which  swages  on 
a  brass  or  nickel  jacket,  other  machines  fasten  the  bullet  into  the 
cartridge. 

The  machines  are  all  operated  by  females;  at  the  lead  slug 
machines  (3),  the  girls  alternate  in  feeding  slugs  and  removing 
swaged  bullet.  The  danger  is  in  the  handling  of  the  lead  cable 
and  slugs  with  the  bare  hands,  especially  as  females  are  very 
liable  to  lead  poisoning.  ISTo  gloves  are  furnished,  and  none  were 
used.  The  place  is  very  clean,  and  special  toilet  and  washing 
facilities  are  being  installed.  The  girls  are  very  clean  and  no 
cases  were  discovered. 

Cutlery  Company.  This  firm  manufactures  razors,  and  uses 
lead   during  forging,   and  later  in   tempering.      The  forge  room 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1101 

occupies  the  first  floor.  There  are  eight  forges,  each  supplied 
with  a  lead  pot  provided  with  a  hood.  There  is  one  special  hard- 
ening pot  provided  with  a  hood  and  exhaust  fan.  The  place  is 
clean,  washing  facilities  are  provided  and  men  are  given  time  to 
wash  up.  No  meals  are  eaten  in  forge  room.  Air  samples  showed 
no  lead,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

File  Company.  Files  are  no  longer  cut  by  hand  on  a  lead 
base  but  are  made  by  machinery,  lead,  however,  is  used  for  tem- 
pering. This  plant  is  a  small  one  employing  five  men.  There 
is  one  metal  pot  which  is  not  hooded.  The  men  are  furnished 
gloves.  No  washing  facilities  are  provided.  No  cases  of  plumb- 
ism were  found. 

Several  large  wire  works  were  visited  and  it  was  claimed  that 
lead  was  not  used,  lime  and  fish  oil  being  the  material  used  for 
hardening  and  tempering,  and  no  evidences  could  be  found  that 
lead  was  used  in  the  annealing  ovens. 

In  several  large  plants  where  tempering  of  steel  was  done,  they 
claimed  that  no  lead  was  used,  and  that  saltpetre  was  used  entirely 
for  tempering  purposes. 

In  one  plant,  described  further  on,  lead  was  used  as  an  alloy 
with  aluminum. 

Smelting  Company.  This  firm  makes  special  alloys,  babbitt 
metal  and  solder.  At  time  of  visit  no  melting  was  being  done, 
and  a  number  of  workers  were  on  a  spree.  There  are  20  metal 
pots  with  no  hoods  and  only  natural  means  for  ventilation  in 
use.  Fifty  tons  of  lead  a  year  are  used.  There  are  no  facilities 
for  washing  other  than  cold  water.  No  respirators  or  gloves  are 
furnished,  and  meals  are  eaten  in  smelting  room.  No  cases  of 
lead  poisoning  were  Been  among  those  at  work,  but  this  is  not 
conclusive  that  the'  others  may  not  be  leaded.  Conditions  in  this 
plant  need  considerable  improving. 

Brass,  Tinning  and  Soldering: 

In  the  casting  of  brass,  lead  is  added  just  before  pouring  the 
metal  from  the  crucible  into  the  moulds.  The  addition  of  lead 
makes  the  metal  soft  and  less  brittle,  being  necessary  where  the 
brass  is  to  be  turned  in  lathes.  The  amount  of  lead  varies  with 
the  degree  of  softness  required.  Red  brass  contains  practically  no 
45 


1102        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

lead,  whereas  the  yellow  variety  contains  from  ^  to  5  per  cent 
of  lead.  The  principal  danger  is  from  the  fumes,  those  exposed 
being  the  casters  who  place  the  lead  in  the  crucible,  and  the 
moulders  who  pour  off  into  the  flasks.  It  is  reported  that  the 
turners  of  brass  are  also  liable,  but  no  evidence  could  be  found 
to  confirm  this  statement. 

Three  large  plants  were  visited  having  foundries,  and  a  special 
description  of  these  are  given  further  on. 

Brass  Company.  Casting  room,  30'  x  60',  20  feet  high  to  Texas 
roof  with  louvre  windows.  Room,  is  almost  entirely  open  on  three 
sides.  There  is  one  metal  pot  hooded.  The  percentage  of  lead 
used  varies  from  6  to  10%.  There  is  no  wash  room  or  drying 
room,  and  meals  are  eaten  in  the  foundry.  General  condition  of 
the  foundry  is  not  good,  and  the  workers  are  not  careful  as  to 
personal  hygiene.  The  caster  who  handles  the  lead  admits  having 
had  lead  poisoning,  but  shows  no  symptoms  other  than  slight 
anaemia.  Five  other  workers  examined  admit  having  had  the 
"  chills  "  (zinc  poisoning),  but  give  no  evidence  of  lead  poisoning. 
Analysis  of  air  showed  no  lead  present. 

Xo  symptoms  were  found  among  the  brass  turners. 

Valve  Company.  This  company  makes  valves  and  hydrants. 
Moulding.  This  department  is  situated  in  a  building  120'  x  53' 
and  18'  high,  having  a  Texas  roof  with  louvre  windows.  There 
are  two  Schwartz  crucibles  for  melting  brass.  These  are  under 
a  hood  which  is  connected  to  the  boiler  stack.  The  percentage 
of  lead  used  never  runs  over  4%.  Forty  men  are  employed  in  this 
department,  none  showed  any  evidences  of  lead  poisoning,  but 
several  admitted  having  had  the  '  ague,'  which  is  also  another 
name  for  zinc  poisoning. 

Hydrant  Department.  Lead  is  used  for  caulking  in  brass  nip- 
ples or  nozzles,  and  there  is  one  pot  where  babbitt  is  made ;  the 
pot  is  hooded.  One  worker  has  been  at  this  for  fifteen  years,  gives 
no  symptoms,  but  has  typical  lead  pallor.  At  time  of  visit  he 
was  heating  his  lunch  at  the  lead  pot.  An  anaylsis  of  sample  taken 
at  the  breathing  level  of  the  lead  pot  showed  5  milligrams  of  lead 
per  cubic  metre  of  air. 

Although  general  conditions  in  the  place  were  good,  no  special 
precautions  were  taken  against  plumbism. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.        1103 

Manufacturing  Company.  This  firm  makes  pumps  and 
employs  lead  very  seldom;  the  largest  percentage  used  is  6%. 
The  shops  are  ventilated  by  a  combined  plenum  and  exhaust  sys- 
tem. Washing  facilities  are  good.  Thirty  men  are  employed  in 
the  foundry,  and  no  evidences  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Tinning  : 

In  the  process  of  tinning  lead  is  used  when  a  dull  or  dead 
finish  is  required,  about  two-thirds  lead  being  used.  In  the  bright 
finish  lead  is  practically  never  used  except  when  the  tin  will 
not  run  good,  then  about  8-10%  lead  is  used. 

Harness  Hardware  Co.  The  tinning  room  occupied  the  fourth 
(top)  floor  of  one  of  the  buildings.  The  room  was  40'  x  60'  x  12' 
high,  and  contained  pots  for  tinning  and  japanning.  There  was 
one  pot  containing  tin  for  a  dead  finish,  the  percentage  of  lead 
was  66f.  None  of  the  pots  were  hooded,  and  ventilation  was 
by  natural  means.  No  tinning  was  being  done  at  time  of  visit. 
Washing  facilities  are  provided.  It  was  admitted  meals  are  eaten 
in  the  room  and  no  special  precautions  taken  to  avoid  lead  poison- 
ing. There  are  six  males  employed,  but  no  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

Copper  &  Brass  Co.: 

Tinning  Department.  This  is  a  portion  of  the  rolling  mill, 
which  is  practically  entirely  open  on  all  sides.  There  are  five 
tin  pots  hooded,  and  in  front  of  each  pot  is  an  inclined  bench 
about  7'  x  3'.  A  plate  of  copper  is  laid  on  the  bench  and  a  boy 
wipes  it  off  with  a  jute  mop  wet  with  the  flux,  the  tinner  then 
ladles  the  tin  out  of  the  pot  and  pours  it  on  the  copper,  the  sur- 
plus being  wiped  off  by  another  helper.  ISTo  lead  was  found  in 
the  tin  used,  or  in  the  air  in  the  vicinity  of  the  pots.  ISTo  cases 
of  plumbism  were  found.  During  the  process  there  is  consider- 
able smoke.  (Dr.  Collis  of  Great  Britian,  recommends  the  hood- 
ing of  the  benches  as  well  as  the  pots. )  There  are  ample  washing 
facilities.  The  helpers  are  Polish  and  Italian,  the  tinners  Irish- 
American. 

Casting  Room.  This  is  off  the  rolling  mill  and  is  200'  x  50',  x 
40"  high.  The  roof  is  Texas,  louvred.  The  room  is  practically  open 
on  three  sides.     There  are  ninety  pots  or  crucibles,  the  tops  of 


1104        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning. 

which  are  flush  with  the  floor,  and  no  yellow  or  lead  brass  was 
being  cast.  The  highest  amount  of  lead  ever  used  is  2%.  There 
are  washing  facilities,  but  men  furnish  their  own  gloves.  Ninety 
men  are  employed,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  could  be  found, 
though  history  of  "  chills  "  were  given  by  many. 

East  Mill,  Casting  Room.  This  is  a  building  100'  x  150',  x  40' 
high  with  a  Texas  roof  louvred,  the  building  being  practically 
entirely  open  on  all  sides.  The  amount  of  lead  in  the  brass  used 
was  2  % .  There  are  six  crucibles  on  the  style  of  the  Schwartz,  and 
with  no  hoods.  Sixty  males  are  employed,  but  no  cases  of  plumb- 
ism were  found.  There  are  washing  facilities,  and  men  are  per- 
mitted to  eat  meals  in  the  foundry.  ISTone  of  the  workers  were 
very  careful  as  to  matters  of  personal  hygiene. 

Soldering: 

This  is  a  process  of  fastening  joints  together  to  make  them 
tight,  it  is  usually  accomplished  by  hand,  though  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  cans  it  is  often  done  by  machinery. 

In  hand  soldering  the  parts  to  be  soldered  are  wiped  clean 
and  a  dilute  solution  of  hydrochloric  (muriatic)  acid  used  to 
remove  oxides,  sometimes  rosin  is  used  as  a  flux.  A  pointed  cop- 
per iron,  the  tip  of  which  is  covered  with  tin  (and  known  as  the 
solder  iron),  is  heated,  and  the  tip  is  applied  against  a  small 
bar  of  solder  which  melts  and  runs  along  the  crevice  or  seam  to 
be  tightened. 

The  danger  is  from  the  fumes  generated,  and  also  from  the 
handling  of  the  solder  in  the  bare  hands.  Some  solder  remains 
on  the  iron  and  this  is  liable  to  volatilize  when  the  iron  is  heated 
in  the  small  gas  oven  termed  the  furnace. 

In  the  machines,  the  solder  is  placed  in  long  troughs  which 
are  heated  by  gas.  A  traveller  carries  the  can  along  and  the  seam 
dips  into  the  solder,  then  a  little  further  along,  the  surplus  solder 
is  removed  by  buffing  wheels.  In  this  process  the  danger  is  not 
only  from  the  fumes  of  the  solder  pots,  but  also  from  the  dust 
created  by  the  buffing  wheels,  and  in  the  oxides  formed  when  the 
solder  cools. 

In  soldering,  the  furnaces  should  be  hooded,  and  in  the 
machines,    the    solder   pots    and   buffers    should    be   hooded    and 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.         1105 

attached  to  an  exhaust  fan.  All  workers  handling  solder  should 
have  gloves. 

Stamping  Company,  No.  1.  In  this  factory  both  tinning  and 
soldering  were  done.  Tin  pots  were  hooded  and  analysis  showed 
no  lead  was  used.  Soldering  is  done  all  over  the  factory,  gas 
furnaces,  not  hooded,  used  to  heat  the  irons.  Gloves  are  furnished 
to  the  workers  and  are  used.  No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 
Some  of  the  stamped  ware  is  painted,  and  in  the  paint  shop  one 
man  was  found.  He  had  been  employed  fifteen  years,  and  though 
giving  no  evidence  of  symptoms,  had  the  typical  pallor  of  plumb- 
ism. Hot  and  cold  water  was  furnished  for  washing.  Meals 
were  eaten  in  the  factory.  General  conditions  as  to  cleanliness 
were  good.  Air  samples  taken  where  soldering  was  carried  on 
showed  no  lead. 

Stamping  Company,  ]STo.  2.  This  plant  does  tinning  and  solder- 
ing, but  was  shut  down  for  inventory  at  time  of  visit.  Analysis 
of  sample  from  tin  pots  showed  no  lead.  Both  males  and  females 
are  employed  at  soldering,  and  a  patent  soldering  iron  heated 
by  gas  is  used.  There  was  no  evidence  of  there  ever  having  been 
any  cases  of  plumbism  among  the  workers. 

There  is  a  special  lunch  room  for  the  employees,  also  a  wash 
room  having  hot  and  cold  running  water.  General  conditions  in 
the  plant  are  good. 

Sprinkler  Co.  This  firm  makes  fire  sprinklers,  but  the  only 
work  requiring  handling  of  lead  done  in  the  factory  was  solder- 
ing the  fusible  plugs  in  the  sprinkler.  This  was  in  a  small  room 
25'  x  25'  x  14'  high,  on  the  third  floor,  and  was  well  lighted. 
Five  men  are  employed.  There  was  one  solder  pot  completely 
enclosed  and  piped  to  the  chimney.  Washing  facilities  were  pro- 
vided and  no  meals  eaten  in  the  room.  ISTo  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

In  a  number  of  plants  visited,  soldering  was  carried  on,  and 
is  described  further  on. 

Use  of  Lead  or  Tin  Foil: 

One  large  chocolate  factory  was  visited  where  foil  was  used 
to  wrap  the  chocolates  in.  Girls  were  employed  at  the  work.  The 
factory  was  a  modern  one  with  the  best  sanitary  equipments  and 
comforts  for  the  employees,   and  all  precautions  were   taken  to 


1106        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

safeguard  the  health  of  the  workers.  An  analysis  of  the  foil  used 

showed  slight  traces  of  lead  present.  No  evidences  of  plumbism 

were  found  among  the  workers  and  the  danger  from  the  use  of 
this  foil  is  practically  nil. 

Tin  Cans: 

Can  Co.,  No.  1.  This  is  a  large,  light,  airy  one-story  factory 
building  125'  x  125'  x  14',  with  a  saw-tooth  roof.  All  work  is 
done  automatically  by  machinery.  There  are  thirteen  seam  solder- 
ing machines  and  six  end  soldering  machines.  The  solder  pots 
and  buffers  on  the  machines  are  all  under  hoods  connected  with 
an  exhaust  system,  and  no  fumes  or  gases  are  appreciable.  Tests 
showed  lead  present,  3.6  milligrams  per  cu.  metre  of  air.  Sam- 
ple taken  at  the  lead  pot  of  a  seam  soldering  machine.  There 
are  ample  washing  facilities  but  no  hot  water.  Soap  is  furnished 
and  time  given  the  workers  to  wash  up  in.  No  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

Can  Co.,  No.  2.     This  company  makes  its  own  solder. 

Solder  Department.  This  is  in  a  building  60'  x  25'  x  14/  high, 
light  and  airy,  five  males  employed.  There  are  four  solder  pots 
hooded  and  connected  with  an  exhaust  fan.  There  is  one  machine 
for  flat  solder,  the  metal  pot  of  which  is  hooded.  No  solder  was 
being  made  at  time  of  visit.  The  men  wear  gloves  while  at  work. 
One  of  the  workers,  who  had  been  there  five  years,  had  a  slight 
pallor,  but  was  rather  a  doubtful  case.  There  were  no  special 
washing  facilities  and  meals  were  eaten  in  the  room. 

Hemming  room.  This  is  a  room  40'  x  40'  x  25'  high.  A  solder 
hem  is  stamped  on  the  edges  of  can  tops  by  machinery.  Seven 
machines  were  in  operation,  with  girls  as  operatives.  There  is 
danger  in  this  process  through  contact  with  the  lead  and  the 
workers  should  wear  gloves.  No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 
Girls  are  cleanly  and  go  home  for  meals. 

Solder  room.  This  is  a  large  light  room  175'  x  50'  x  40'  high. 
The  roof  is  a  Texas  with  louvre  windows.  There  are  four  lines 
of  machines.  Machines  are  hooded,  but,  owing  to  changes  being 
made  in  type  of  hoods,  side  seam  soldering  machine  had  no  hood. 
A  sample  of  air  taken  showed  2.6  milligrams  of  lead  per  cubic 
metre  of  air,  and  samples  taken  at  end  soldering  machines  which 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.        1107 

were  hooded  showed  1.6  milligrams  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of 
air.  This  was  probably  due  to  the  disarrangement  of  the  hoods 
over  the  machines.  The  temperature  of  the  solder  was  800°  F. 
considerable  below  the  point  of  volatilization.  Gloves  are 
furnished  workers  who  handle  the  solder.  There  are  no  special 
washing  facilities  and  meals  may  be  eaten  in  the  solder  room. 
One  worker  who  gave  no  history  of  symptoms  had  the  blue  line 
in  the  gums.  Another  worker  complained  of  leg  cramps  and 
indigestion.  Both  were  undoubtedly  cases  of  plumbism.  One 
case  was  reported  from  this  factory,  but  could  not  be  found. 

Can  Co.,  No.  3.  This  plant  makes  their  own  solder.  Solder 
room  is  a  small  dark  place  off  the  engine  room.  At  the  time  of 
visit  it  was  closed. 

Can  soldering.  This  is  a  building  200'  x  75'  x  45'  high,  the 
roof  having  a  Texas  with  louvre  windows.  There  are  employed 
200  males  and  100  females.  The  females  do  not  handle  solder. 
All  machines  are  equipped  with  hoods  leading  to  exhaust  fans. 
There  are  no  special  washing  facilities  and  meals  are  eaten  in  the 
room.  Tests  showed  no  lead  present,  and  no  cases  were  found. 
There  is  room  for  considerable  improvement  in  this  plant. 

Can  Co.,  No.  4.  This  is  a  small  plant  where  hand  soldering 
is  done.  Only  four  men  employed  at  soldering.  Workers  are 
supplied  with  gloves,  towels  and  soap,  there  is  also  hot  and  cold 
water,  but  meals  are  eaten  in  solder  room.  No  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

Industries  Where  Lead  Compounds  are  Used. 
Paints  and  Colors: 

In  the  manufacture  of  dry  colors  the  pigment  is  first  dried 
then  put  into  mills  for  grinding.  In  the  manufacture  of  paints, 
which  are  really  oil  colors,  the  dry  color  is  put  into  a  mixer,  oil 
added,  and  by  means  of  rotary  paddles  in  the  mixer  the  oil  and 
color  are  combined  and  a  body  formed,  which  is  used  for  paint. 
The  principal  danger  in  these  processes  is  from  dust  created  in 
handling  the  dry  powder.  After  the  color  has  been  put  in  the 
mixer  with  oil,  the  only  danger  is  from  the  material  getting  on 
exposed  portions  of  the  workers'  skin  and  not  being  washed  off 
properly. 


1108        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

Paint  Works,  'No.  1.  This  is  a  small  plant  making  oil  paints, 
vermin  exterminator  and  paris  green.  (See  also  arsenic  report.) 
Both  lead  and  arsenic  colors  are  made.  Very  little  grinding  is 
done,  and  none  at  time  of  visit.  The  work  is  done  on  the  second 
floor,  the  room  being  irregular  in  shape  but  averaging 
60'  x  45'  x  14'  in  height.  No  provisions  are  made  to  keep  down 
or  remove  dust  created  in  handling  the  dry  color.  Washing  facil- 
ities are  inadequate,  and  workers  are  unaware  of  the  nature  of 
the  ingredients  used. 

One  worker  mixing  and  grinding  for  three  years  gave  evidences 
of  plumbism. 

On  boy,  sixteen  years  old,  at  work  on  mixers  for  only  a  few 
months,  had  typical  lead  pallor  and  gave  evidences  of  plumbism. 

Paint  Works,  !No.  2.  This  plant  makes  oil  paints  and  putty. 
It  is  an  old  three-story  brick  building  situated  on  the  river  front. 
Third  floor.  Here  are  two  chaser  mills,  which  are  really  large 
grindstones  continually  wheeling  around  in  a  circular  receptacle, 
and  so  grinding  the  contents  very  fine,  and  at  time  of  visit  were 
not  operating.  The  mills  are  entirely  open,  and  when  in  use,  the 
dry  lead  color  is  dumped  in,  oil  added,  and  the  chaser  started. 
The  result  is  considerable  dust,  and  the  heavy  incrustations  of 
lead  on  the  floor  and  paint  on  the  workers;  clothes  prove  this. 
The  color  is  run  down  through  hoppers  to  the  mixing  machines 
on  the  second  floor.  Here  all  the  work  is  done  in  oil,  but  the 
floor  is  covered  with  thick  layers  of  paint,  and  the  workers'  clothes 
and  hands  are  covered  with  it.  The  percentage  of  lead  used  is 
about  25.  There  are  no  washing  facilities  and  meals  are  eaten 
in  the  factory.  ISTo  provisions  whatever  are  made  for  taking  care 
of  dust,  and  the  workers,  mostly  foreigners,  know  nothing  of  the 
dangerous  nature  of  the  materials  used. 

One  worker  was  found  with  the  blue  line  of  the  gums. 

Another  worker  had  typical  lead  pallor.  Neither  gave  any 
symptoms,  but  both  were  undoubtedly  leaded. 

The  building  is  unsanitary,  and  vast  improvement  will  have 
to  be  made  to  make  it  safe  for  workers  exposed  to  lead. 

Paint  Works,  No.  3.  This  is  a  large  plant  making  oil  colors; 
white  lead  was  formerly  made,  but  not  any  more.  A  large  part 
of  the  output  is  a  paint  having  baryta  and  zinc  as  the  basis  in 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1109 

place  of  lead,  and  which,  it  is  claimed,  does  equally  as  good  work 
as  a  lead  paint. 

The  building  where  the  lead  paint  is  made  is  three  stories,  the 
upper  stories  being  used  for  mixing  and  grinding.  At  the  time  of 
visit  no  grinding  of  dry  lead  was  being  done.  The  colors  after 
being  mixed  in  oil  are  filled  into  cans  for  sale  purposes.  Nine 
males  and  three  females  are  employed.  Hot  and  cold  water,  soap, 
and  individual  towels  are  furnished  by  the  firm.  Rooms  are  par- 
titioned off  the  mixing  rooms  for  hanging  up  clothes  and  eating 
lunch.  The  majority  of  the  men  and  girls  ate  their  lunch  in  the 
mixing  rooms,  and  the  superintendent  did  not  think  it  of  much 
moment.  But  few  of  the  workers  washed  up  before  eating,  and 
none  seemed  to  attach  any  danger  to  the  use  of  lead  in  the  work. 
No  hoods  were  provided  for  the  chaser  machines,  and  no  special 
means  were  installed  to  take  care  of  any  dust  created. 

Putty  room.  This  is  a  one-story  building,  25'  x  40'  x  10'  high. 
There  is  one  large  chaser  mill  entirely  open.  Very  little  lead 
putty  is  made,  when  used  it  varies  from  8  to  35%  lead,  the  rest 
is  whiting,  linseed  and  corn  oil.  The  danger  is  when  the  dry 
material  is  placed  in  the  chaser.  At  time  of  visit  there  was  no 
dust,  and  so  no  lead  showed  in  air  samples.  Two  men  are  em- 
ployed. No  cases  of  lead  were  found  among  the  workers,  which 
is  rather  strange  considering  conditions  found  at  time  of  visit. 
There  is  room  in  this  place  for  improvement  of  conditions. 

Paint  Works,  No.  4.  This  is  a  small  plant  making  oil  paints. 
Only  a  little  mixing  was  being  done  at  the  time  of  visit.  The 
place  is  clean,  light,  and  airy.  There  are  but  two  or  three  workers 
employed  beside  the  proprietors.  Washing  facilities  are  ample, 
and  care  taken  to  clean  up  personally.  No  meals  are  eaten  in  the 
paint  room.    No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Paint  Works,  No.  5.  This  is  a  small  plant,  employing  three 
men.  Place  is  light.  No  dry  colors  were  being  handled  at  time 
of  visit.  Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and  towels  furnished.  One 
worker  admitted  having  been  treated  for  lead  poisoning  two  years 
ago,  now  shows  no  symptoms.  This  man  chews  tobacco.  General 
conditions  good,  but  no  provisions  to  keep  down  dust. 

Four  other  plants  were  visited,  but  no  lead  was  used,  as  they 
made  metallic  paint,  which  has  iron  as  a  basis. 


1110        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

Varnish : 

In  the  manufacture  of  varnish,  lead  is  used  to  color  and  aid  in 
quick  drying.  The  lead  compounds  used  are  lead  acetate,  litharge, 
and  red  lead.  The  varnish  is  placed  in  large  kettles  and  heated, 
while  heating,  the  litharge  mixture  is  sprinkled  over  the  top,  then 
mixed  in. 

The  danger  is  from  the  dust,  both  in  the  mixing  room  and  while 
sprinkling  on  top  of  the  varnish  kettle. 

Varnish  Co.  This  firm  makes  varnish  and  enamel,  the  latter 
being  really  a  colored  varnish. 

Dryer  or  mixing  room.  This  is  a  small  room  20'  x  15'  x  12' 
high,  having  one  skylight  in  roof.  The  colors  are  kept  in  bins, 
and  when  weighed  out  a  scoop  is  used,  there  being  no  provision 
to  take  care  of  any  dust  created.  At  time  of  visit  no  mixing  was 
being  done.  The  men  wear  gloves ;  and  of  three  seen,  none  showed 
evidences  of  plumbism. 

Chimney  room.  Here  are  five  chambers,  about  six  feet  square, 
with  an  opening  in  the  rear  leading  to  a  large  chimney,  and  a 
coal  furnace  in  the  centre  of  the  chamber.  The  large  kettles  of 
varnish  are  run  into  the  chamber  over  the  furnace,  and  the  worker 
sprinkles  the  lead  mixture  on  top  with  a  shovel.  From  observa- 
tion, most  of  the  dust  is  carried  away  from  the  worker  toward  the 
chimney  opening. 

On  one  floor  of  the  main  building  color  mixing  is  done  dry  for 
making  enamels.  But  one  worker  was  seen  at  time  of  visit,  he 
wore  respirator  and  gloves,  but  no  mixing  was  being  done.  The 
mills  are  all  tightly  enclosed,  but  there  is  no  method  to  handle 
the  dust  created  in  scooping  from  the  barrels  to  the  mills. 

The  firm  tries  to  have  a  sanitary  factory,  special  wash  room 
with  shower  baths  is  provided,  and  towels  and  soap  furnished. 
In  the  majority  of  the  other  processes  in  the  plant,  dust  and  fumes 
are  handled  by  hoods  and  exhaust  systems.  No  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found  or  reported  from 'this  plant. 

Oilcloth: 

But  one  factory  outside  of  Greater  New  York  makes  oil  cloth. 
In  this  plant  baryta  and  zinc  have  replaced  white  lead  as  a  basis 
for  colors,  and  they  claimed  lead  colors  are  not  used  at  all.     This 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning.        1111 

firm  makes  their  own  varnish,  and  in  this  process  litharge  is  used. 
The  amount  used  varies  from  three  ounces  per  gallon  of  linseed 
oil  to  eight  ounces  per  100  gallons  of  linseed  oil,  depending  upon 
the  heaviness  required. 

It  was  admitted  that  chrome  (lead  colors)  were  used  at  times, 
also  that  several  years  ago  there  had  been  some  cases  of  lead 
poisoning  among  the  workers  who  handled  the  varnish  containing 
the  small  percentage  of  litharge. 

The  plant  consists  of  a  series  of  old  one-story  brick  structures. 
The  mixers  are  situated  in  rooms  which  are  practically  all  open, 
but  with  no  provisions  for  taking  care  of  the  dust  created  in 
putting  dry  color  in.  There  was  being  installed  at  time  of  visit 
a  dustless  mixer.  The  colors  are  carried  by  an  inclosed  elevator 
to  an  upper  platform  and  then  dumped  into  the  mixer,  the  entire 
process  being  enclosed  so  as  to  keep  down  the  dust. 

Linseed  oil  room.  This  is  practically  an  open  brick  building, 
100'  x  50'  x  15'.  The  pots  are  on  top  of  a  brick  furnace.  Over 
the  pots  is  placed  a  cloth  hood,  connecting  with  an  iron  vent  pipe, 
to  remove  fumes.  The  oil  is  pumped  up  into  the  kettles,  and  the 
worker  sprinkles  the  litharge  on  with  a  shovel.  During  this  proc- 
ess very  little  dust  was  noticeable.  There  are  washing  facilities, 
but  no  gloves,  respirators,  soap  or  towels  are  furnished.  The 
workers  do  not  seem  to  realize  there  is  any  danger  from  the  lead 
used.  Most  of  the  workers  wash  up,  and  go  home  to  meals.  No 
cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Artificial  Leather: 

This  is  practically  oil  cloth,  and  is  made  in  the  same  way,  with 
the  exception  that  the  coating  is  a  secret  process  in  which  nitro- 
cellulose (gun  cotton)  is  used. 

There  is  but  one  plant  in  the  State  making  this  material,  and 
the  danger  from  lead  is  in  the  use  of  chrome  colors.  Arsenic 
colors  are  also  used  at  times. 

The  colors  are  mixed  into  a  paste,  then  carried  to  the  machine 
(which  is  long  and  enclosed),  here  it  is  placed  in  receptacles  at 
one  end  of  the  machine  and  applied  evenly  to  the  backing  fabric 
by  means  of  rollers.  The  long  enclosed  runway  is  for  drying 
purposes. 


1112        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning. 

In  oil  cloth,  after  drying  on  of  pattern,  the  fabric  is  run  through 
a  set  of  rollers  and  varnish  poured  on,  then  into  another  drying 
room. 

The  danger  from  lead  poisoning  in  this  plant  is  confined  prac- 
tically to  the  compounding  room,  from  the  dust  created  in 
handling  the  dry  colors,  and  in  the  mixed  product  adhering  to  the 
unprotected  skin. 

The  mixing  building  is  100'  x  100'  and  roof  averaging  14/  in 
height.  There  is  a  marked  odor  of  amyl  present  from  the  nitro- 
cellulose used.  Six  males  are  employed.  The  colors  are  dumped 
into  open  pans  and  caster  oil  added.  During  this  process  there 
is  quite  some  dust.  The  mixture  is  then  run  through  a  set  of 
rollers  to  thoroughly  mix,  and  is  then  put  in  cans  and  taken  to 
the  coating  room.  The  lead  colors  are  used  as  follows,  white  lead 
2%,  chrome  green  20%.  The  analyses  of  the  air  taken  near  the 
mixing  failed  to  show  the  presence  of  any  lead,  but  upon  micro- 
scopic examination,  fine  green  particles  were  seen  which  undoubt- 
edly were  chrome  green,  proving  that  very  minute  quantities  of 
lead  compound  were  present  in  the  atmosphere  as  a  result  of 
mixing.  iSTo  special  means  were  provided  to  take  care  of  dust 
created  during  course  of  mixing.  The  coating  rooms  were  under- 
going alterations  at  time  of  visit.  Washing  facilities  are  pro- 
vided, and  no  meals  are  eaten  in  the  factory.  The  company  has 
a  physician,  but  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  ever  reported,  and 
none  could  be  found  at  time  of  visit. 

In  this  plant  there  should  be  a  system  of  ventilation,  and  an 
exhaust  system  to  take  care  of  dust  and  fumes. 

Potteries: 

A  special  report  on  the  pottery  industry  will  be  found  in  the 
report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor  for  the  year  1909.  In  it 
are  described  at  length  the  various  processes.  In  this  investigation 
attention  was  directed  mainly  to  the  processes  where  lead  was  used. 
These  are  glazing  and  decorating. 

In  glazing  there  has  been  considerable  controversy  as  to  leadless 
glazes,  the  best  of  authorities  agreeing  that  lead  is  necessary,  but 
the  danger  may  be  minimized  by  using  fritted  lead,  which  is  raw 
lead,  borax  and  silica  fused  together  at  a  high  temperature. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1113 

The  majority  of  the  potteries  decorate  either  by  hand  or  by 
means  of  litho  transfers,  and  some  make  their  own  transfers. 
This,  of  course,  is  really  a  branch  of  the  lithographing  industry, 
and  the  danger  resulting  is  from  the  dust  arising  in  handling 
colors  containing  lead. 

Pottery  No.  1  (see  Plant  No.  1,  1909  J.  Conditions  were 
changed  since  the  time  of  the  special  investigation,  it  was  noted 
that  in  the  glaze  dipping  boys  who  had  been  assistants  when  last 
seen  were  now  dippers.  Conditions  as  to  cleanliness  are  some- 
what better,  and  aprons  are  furnished  in  the  dipping  rooms,  also 
soap  and  towels. 

Front  dipping  room.  One  male  and  two  females.  Female 
helpers'  hands  were  washed  after  four  hours'  work  and  samples 
of  the  water  analyzed.  There  was  found  2.1  grams  of  lead,  show- 
ing the  danger  of  handling  food  without  washing  hands  first.  This 
was  only  from  handling  the  ware  after  it  came  from  the  dipping 
tub. 

Rear  dipping  room.  Here  were  four  males  and  eight  females. 
No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found.  One  of  the  dippers  was  a 
robust  young  man  who  at  time  of  last  visit  was  a  thin  boy  acting 
as  assistant.  The  workers  all  declared  they  washed  up  thoroughly, 
and  at  time  of  visit  they  did,  which  may  account  for  the  absence 
of  cases. 

Hand  decorating  room.  This  is  a  small  light  room  on  the  sec- 
ond floor.  There  were  six  females  applying  colors  by  means  of  a 
small  brush.  Small  girls  grind  the  colors  in  oil,  using  a  mortar, 
which  is  usually  their  first  job,  for  after  a  few  weeks  at  this  they 
go  at  bench  work.  In  the  large  decorating  room  are  a  number  of 
young  women  and  men  who  line  the  ware  (decorate  with  fine 
stripes)  with  bronze  color.  Often  the  china  is  tinted.  This  is 
done  under  a  hood  connected  with  an  exhaust.  Tinting  is  usually 
done  by  young  girls. 

In  the  making  of  the  litho  transfer  a  press  is  used,  and  the  color 
applied  to  an  engraved  plate.  A  very  thin  paper  is  run  between 
the  color  plate  and  rollers  and  receives  the  impression.  Young 
girls  cut  the  paper  into  strips  for  easy  application  to  the  ware. 
The  transfer,  color  side  to  ware,  is  applied,  rubbed  with  a  small 
tool  to  aid  in  fastening  design,  and  then  the  paper  is  cleaned  off, 
leaving  the  color  design  on  the  ware. 


1114        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

As  the  colors  used  in  decorating  are  ground  in  oil,  there  is  little 
dust  seen  in  this  portion  of  the  work.  There  is  a  wash  room, 
with  hot  and  cold  water,  and  soap  and  towels  are  furnished. 
Meals  are  eaten  in  the  decorating  rooms.  No  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

Plant  No.  2  (see  No.  2,  1909).  This  pottery  is  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  State.  An  attending  physician  is  employed,  and 
printed  notices  warning  of  the  danger  from  lead  are  posted 
throughout  the  building. 

Dipping  room.  Three  male  dippers  and  three  boys  to  carry 
dipped  ware  to  drying  rack  were  employed.  Gloves  are  not  used 
by  the  dippers.  Because  of  the  high  temperature  and  the  stacks 
of  dipped  ware  drying,  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to  keep  the  room 
free  from  dust.  Fritted  lead  is  used  in  the  glaze,  and  the  dipping 
room  is  kept  dampened  during  the  day,  and  thoroughly  cleaned 
at  the  end  of  the  work  day.  Analysis  of  sample  of  air  taken  in 
the  centre  of  the  dipping  room  showed  lead,  due  undoubtedly  to 
the  slight  dust  from  the  drying  ware.  In  cleaning  the  glazed  ware 
before  going  in  and  after  coming  f rom  the  kilns,  all  work  is  per- 
formed under  hoods,  and  dust  is  removed  by  exhausts. 

In  the  lithographing  department  12  females  are  employed. 
After  the  litho  transfers  come  from  the  presses  they  are  dusted 
with  flour  by  hand,  then  run  through  a  machine  to  dust  off  the 
flour.  All  processes  of  hand  dusting  are  done  under  hoods,  and 
all  machines  are  provided  with  exhaust  systems.  Twelve  quarts  of 
milk  are  furnished  daily  to  the  workers. 

The  general  conditions  in  this  plant  are  excellent  for  a  pottery. 
Washing  facilities  are  provided,  no  meals  are  permitted  to  be 
eaten  where  lead  is  used,  and  the  workers  are  encouraged  to 
observe  the  rules  of  personal  hygiene.  No  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found  among  the  workers,  and  no  cases  were  recorded  by  the 
physician. 

Another  large  pottery  was  visited,  but  no  work  was  being  car- 
ried on.  It  was  evident  that  means  were  being  taken  to  make  it 
as  sanitary  as  possible  upon  resuming  operations. 

In  the  report  of  the  British  Commission  as  to  lead  in  potteries, 
they  attach  the  greatest  danger  to  the  use  of  lead  in  glazing,  and 
find  that  in  the  color  portion  of  the  work  there  is  not  much  cause 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1115 

for  alarm.  While  the  amount  of  lead  used  in  the  decorating  of 
china  is  small  in  comparison  to  glazing,  and  the  amount  of  dust 
encountered  slight,  the  danger  is  present,  and  the  workers  should 
be  as  carefully  guarded  as  where  the  danger  is  greater. 

Glass.  There  are  two  kinds  of  glass  manufactured.  A  flint 
glass  containing  no  lead,  and  used  principally  for  bottles,  and  a 
glass  containing  lead  compounds,  and  other  poisonous  ingredients. 
(See  also  arsenic  report.) 

The  purpose  of  the  lead  is  to  make  a  glass  that  is  soft  enough 
to  work,  as  in  making  art  glass,  and  some  compounds  are  used  for 
coloring  purposes. 

The  lead  and  other  compounds  are  weighed  and  mixed  in  one 
room,  then  taken  to  the  furnace  room  and  mixed  with  a  quantity 
of  old  glass ;  the  entire  mixture  is  then  put  into  the  furnace  or  pot, 
and  fused.  The  material  in  the  pot  is  kept  in  a  liquid  state  by 
high  temperature,  and  into  this  the  glass  blower  dips  his  pipe, 
taking  out  the  amount  he  wishes  to  work. 

The  greatest  danger  is  from  the  handling  of  the  dry  ingredients, 
and  inhaling  the  dust  created  during  the  weighing  and  mixing. 

Six  glass  factories  were  visited,  but  analyses  of  material  showed 
but  two  of  them  used  a  lead  glass. 

Glass  Works,  ]STo.  1.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  glass  works  in 
the  world,  making  glass  of  all  colors  and  for  all  purposes.  There 
is  a  small  emergency  operating  room  in  connection  with  the  plant, 
but  no  regular  attending  physician. 

Mixing  Room.  This  is  a  long  room  off  the  old  furnace  rooms. 
Several  males  are  employed  here,  and  there  are  two  large  mixing 
machines.  The  material  is  weighed  out  and  shovelled  into  an 
open  trough.  After  the  full  amount  is  put  into  the  trough,  it  is 
taken  to  the  mixers  and  either  shovelled  in,  or  dumped  into  a 
receptacle  which  is  hoisted  to  the  top  of  the  mixer  and  there 
dumj)ed.  During  the  processes  no  measures  are  taken  to  carry 
away  the  dust  created.  The  men  are  furnished  respirators  but 
none  wear  them.  No  special  washing  facilities  are  provided,  and 
the  men  ate  their  meals  in  the  room.  The  help  are  all  foreigners 
and  not  clean. 

Two  cases  of  plumbisrn  were  found. 

One  worker  had  been  there  thirteen  years,  and  had  been  sick 
with  muscular  pains  for  one  year.    Blue  line  of  gums  was  marked. 


1116        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

Another  worker  had  been  there  a  little  over  a  year,  he  had 
epilepsy,  also  complained  of  muscular  pains  and  showed  a  marked 
blue  line  of  the  gums. 

The  new  furnace  room  is  as  near  perfect  as  such  a  room  can 
be.  The  only  danger  is  to  the  workers  mixing  the  ingredients  and 
dumping  into  the  furnaces.  ~No  precautions  are  taken  to  guard 
against  dust. 

Analyses  of  samples  taken  in  mixing  room  showed  3.3  mg.  lead 
per  cubic  meter  of  air.     This  shows  the  danger  present. 

ISTone  of  the  workers  exposed  to  the  danger  are  aware  of  it,  and 
as  they  understand  very  little  English,  it  is  hard  to  make  them 
understand.  There  is  room  for  considerable  improvement  in  this 
plant. 

Glass  Works,  No.  2.  This  is  a  large  glass  works  making  art 
glass.  At  the  time  of  the  visit  no  mixing  was  being  done.  Lead 
is  used  in  the  form  of  litharge,  red  lead,  and  chromes.  The  mix- 
ing is  done  in  an  old  portion  of  the  building,  but  a  new  mixing 
room  is  under  course  of  construction,  and  will  be  made  as  hygienic 
as  possible. 

The  furnace  room  is  not  very  well  lighted,  owing  to  the  building 
being  an  old  stone  structure.  Samples  of  air  taken  near  the  fur- 
naces failed  to  show  any  lead  upon  analyses. 

There  are  no  special  precautions  taken  in  this  plant  beyond  fur- 
nishing respirators  to  the  mixers,  who  will  not  wear  them.  The 
majority  of  the  help  are  foreigners,  and  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
danger  of  poisoning  from  the  ingredients  used.  Washing  facilities 
are  inadequate,  and  the  majority  of  the  help  do  not  wait  to  wash 
up  before  leaving,  or  eating  meals.  RTo  cases  of  plumbism  could 
be  found,  but  none  of  the  mixers  were  seen,  which  may  account  for 
this  fact. 

Cut  Glass: 

The  manufacture  of  cut  glass  consists  in  cutting 
designs  and  patterns  on  a  piece  of  glassware  known  as  a  blank. 
Most  of  the  glass  cutters  have  the  blanks  made  by  the  large  glass 
works.     The  process  of  cutting  is  as  follows. 

The  design  is  first  cut  into  the  blank  by  emeries,  and  is  termed 
rough  finish.  The  design  is  now  gone  over  with  a  pumice  finish 
termed  a  smooth  finish.     During  the  cutting  processes,  sand  and 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1117 

dirt  get  into  the  designs  and  must  be  removed,  so  the  ware  is 
washed  in  soap  and  water,  but  as  this  fails  to  remove  all  the  silica, 
stronger  measures  are  necessary.  The  ware  is  coated  with  paraf- 
fine  and  beeswax,  leaving  the  surface  to  be  cleaned  free,  and  is 
then  dipped  into  hydrofluoric  acid.  The  acid  dissolves  the  sand 
and  silica,  and  would  also  dissolve  the  glass,  but  it  is  quickly 
transferred  to  sulphuric  acid  to  neutralize  further  action.  The 
ware  is  again  rinsed  in  water  and  sent  to  the  refmishers.  Here  the 
glass  is  treated  with  wooden  or  felt  wheels,  and  also  brushed  with 
a  putty  containing  lead  and  tin.  The  ware  is  cleaned  and  finally 
wrapped  in  tissue  paper  for  the  market. 

The  danger  from  lead  poisoning  in  the  industry  is  in  the  use  of 
the  putty,  and  the  workers  who  rennish  and  handle  the  ware  after 
putty  finishing  are  most  exposed. 

The  polishing  with  the  putty  is  a  wet  process,  but  the  material 
scatters  all  over  and  dries  quickly,  so  that  there  is  quite  some  dust 
containing  lead  resulting  from  the  work. 

Factory,  No.  1.  This  occupied  several  floors  in  one  of  the  build- 
ings of  a  large  glass  works.  One  floor  was  devoted  to  cutting  and 
finishing.  But  two  men  were  using  putty  at  time  of  visit.  The 
process  is  a  wet  one,  and  workers'  clothes  as  well  as  hands  and  face 
were  spattered  with  the  material  used.  Very  little  information 
could  be  secured  as  the  workers  were  foreigners,  and  no  cases  of 
plumbism  were  seen,  though  one  case  had  been  reported  to  the 
Department  as  having  worked  in  this  place.  There  were  no 
special  facilities  for  washing,  and  meals  were  eaten  in  the  w^ork 
rooms.  The  workers  had  no  knowledge  as  to  the  poisonous  nature 
of  the  material  used. 

Factory,  No.  2.  This  plant  has  its  blanks  made  by  a  large  glass 
works.  The  refinishing  room  is  70'  x  40'  x  25'  high,  and  very 
light.  There  are  12  males  who  alternate  on  the  different  processes 
including  the  putty  finishing.  The  men  are  mostly  Italians,  but 
understand  that  lead  is  used  in  the  putty.  Soap  is  furnished  for 
washing.  Respirators  are  furnished  the  men  but  not  used.  The 
place  is  kept  clean,  but  the  workers  do  not  follow  the  rules  of 
personal  hygiene  very  closely. 

46 


1118        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Six  cases  were  found  showing  the  blue  line  of  the  gums,  but 
only  four  gave  any  symptoms,  these  suffered  from  indigestion  and 
muscular  pains. 

This  firm  made  its  own  putty  in  a  special  outbuilding.  The 
room  was  20'  x  30'  x  10'  high,  well  lighted.  There  were  two  pots 
hooded.  Only  one  worker  employed,  and  he  was  not  in  the  room 
continually.  Lead  from  the  lining  of  tea  chests  was  used,  and  the 
proportions  were  two-thirds  lead  and  one-third  tin. 

In  this  industry  the  principal  measures  to  be  taken  are  clean- 
liness, especially  on  the  part  of  the  worker.  While  there  may  be 
some  dust  in  the  air  it  is  negligible,  as  the  results  of  our  analyses 
failed  to  show  any  lead  present  in  the  samples  taken. 

Bubber  Goods: 

In  the  manufacture  of  rubber  goods  lead  compounds  are  used 
as  an  aid  in  vulcanizing,  curing  or  hardening  of  the  rubber  as 
well  as  for  pigmentation  or  coloring  purposes. 

After  the  gum  rubber  has  been  thoroughly  washed  to  remove 
the  dirt,  it  is  put  through  a  masticator,  which  is  a  machine  having 
revolving  rollers  which  makes  the  rubber  smooth  and  firm.  The 
rubber  is  now  run  through  a  set  of  rollers  in  the  machine  called 
the  grinder,  and  the  pigment  compound  gradually  added  until  it 
is  thoroughly  mixed.  Sometimes  the  addition  is  done  at  the  mas- 
ticator, as  both  machines  are  similar  in  their  action.  The  rubber 
is  now  ready  for  any  purpose,  and  in  many  cases  is  made  into 
material  which  is  vulcanized,  that  is,  put  into  a  heating  chamber, 
and,  with  the  addition  of  sulphur,  made  hard  and  durable.  The 
temperature  of  the  chamber  is  not  sufficient  to  volatilize  the  lead, 
and  merely  causes  a  imiting  of  the  sulphur  and  compound  to  form 
a  sulphide.  The  rubber  is  dusted  with  talc  or  chalk  before  going 
in  the  chamber,  and  the  sulphur  mixture  is  placed  in  a  small  ves- 
sel on  the  floor  inside  of  the  chamber. 

The  danger  exists  principally  where  there  is  dust  created  in 
handling  the  dry  pigment  combination,  such  as  mixing  and 
masticating. 

It  is  claimed  by  some  authorities  that  poisoning  has  occurred 
from  handling  the  sulphide,  but  if  this  is  true  it  is  only  in  isolated 
cases. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.        1119 

Samples  of  air  taken  at  the  heating  chambers  and  in  the  finish- 
ing of  the  vulcanized  product  showed  no  lead  present.  An  an- 
alysis of  rubber  as  it  came  from  the  mixer  showed  about  25% 
lead  present,  and  an  analysis  of  the  vulcanized  product  showed 
almost  the  same  percentage,  showing  that  the  danger  is  practically 
confined  to  the  compounding  and  mixing. 

Five  plants  were  visited  where  lead  was  used  in  the  rubber, 
three  are  described  under  electrical  works. 

Eubber  Co.,  No.  1.  This  is  a  large  plant  manufacturing  rub- 
ber goods  for  all  purposes,  and  of  all  colors.  The  building  is  a 
modern  four-story  concrete  structure,  ventilation  by  natural 
means. 

Weighing  room.  This  is  a  large  light  room  on  the  first  floor, 
partitioned  off  from  the  mixing  room.  Ingredients  are  kept  in 
bins,  and  hand  scoops  are  used  in  taking  material  out  to  be  weighed 
and  sifted.  No  special  means  are  installed  to  carry  away  dust 
generated  during  the  handling  process.  New  mills  are  being  in- 
stalled wherein  mixing,  weighing  and  filling  of  containers  is  all 
inclosed  and  no  dust  escapes.  At  time  of  visit  no  mixing  or 
weighing  in  this  room  was  being  done.  Samples  of  air  were 
taken,  but  showed  no  lead  present. 

Mixing  room.  The  machines  were  in  separate  inclosures,  but 
with  no  exhaust  connection  to  handle  the  dust.  A  sample  taken 
in  one  room  during  putting  in  of  ingredients  showed  eight  milli- 
grams of  lead  per  cubic  meter  of  air.  The  worker  was  covered 
with  dust,  had  been  fifteen  years  in  the  factory,  two  years  at 
mixing,  and  yet  showed  no  evidences  of  plumbism.  He  claimed 
to  be  cleanly,  and  did  not  drink  or  use  tobacco.  All  the  workers 
engaged  in  the  weighing  and  mixing  processes  were  covered  with 
dust,  and  did  not  use  the  respirators  furnished.  No  cases  of 
plumbism  were  found. 

In  the  rubber,  litharge  and  chromes  are  used,  and  it  was  stated 
that  to  every  pound  of  rubber  there  was  about  three-quarters  of  an 
ounce  of  litharge,  which  does  not  seem  to  agree  with  the  findings 
of  our  analyses. 

Analyses'  of  air  were  taken  in  the  cementing  room,  where  the 
vulcanized  product  is  assembled  and  finished,  but  no  lead  was 
found,   due  to  the  fact  that  the  room  was  extremely  free  from 


1120        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

dust.  No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found.  It  was  admitted  that 
the  workers  in  this-  process  are  very  migratory,  and  mostly  for- 
eigners who  understood  very  little  English.  But  in  my  opinion 
there  is  very  little  danger  in  handling  the  vulcanized  product. 

The  firm  has  adequate  washing  facilities  on  each  floor,  they 
furnish  the  workers  exposed  to  dust  with  respirators,  and  try  to 
keep  the  factory  sanitary.  The  character  of  the  help  are  not  of 
a  class  who  follow  strictly  rules  of  personal  hygiene. 

Rubber  Co.,  No.  2.  This  is  a  small  plant  making  rubber  tubes 
and  tires  for  motor  vehicles.  X o  weighing  was  being  done  at 
time  of  visit,  and  but  one  mixer  running. 

The  compounding  room  is  large  and  light,  but  no  provisions 
are  made  for  exhausting  dust.  There  was  one  worker  present. 
He  had  been  here  three  months  and  was  some  four  years  in  the 
rubber  business.  Was  anaemic  and  gave  history  of  gastrointes- 
tinal trouble,  and  in  my  opinion  was  suffering  from  plumbism. 

There  were  four  mixers,  none  of  which  were  provided  with 
means  for  taking  care  of  dust  created.  At  the  one  mixer  in 
operation  no  ingredients  were  being  added.  Gloves  were  fur- 
nished the  workers,  but  there  are  no  special  washing  facilities, 
and  meals  are  eaten  in  the  factory.  There  is  room  for  much 
needed  improvement  in  this  place  to  make  it  safe. 

Enamelled  letters: 

In  this  industry  the  letters  are  first  cast  and  then  enamelled  in 
different  colors.  The  casting  material  may  be  of  lead  or  other 
metal,  and  the  enamel  is  really  a  paint  baked  on.  The  danger  is 
from  handling  lead  and  colors  containing  lead,  and  the  fume9 
arising  during  casting  of  lead. 

Plant  No.  1.  This  is  a  small  factory  occupying  a  two-story 
frame  structure.  There  are  five  males  and  fifteen  females  em- 
ployed. There  is  one  small  metal  pot  not  hooded.  Letters  are 
of  cast  lead,  and  when  cool  are  finished  by  filing,  which  is  done 
by  the  young  women.  There  are  no  special  provisions  for  wash- 
ing, and  workers  go  home  to  meals.  The  general  condition  of  the 
place  and  workers  as  to  cleanliness  was  good.  No  cases  of  plumb- 
ism were  found. 

Plant  No.  2.  This  is  a  small  plant  employing  three  men. 
Fifty  per  cent  lead  is  used  in  the  material  of  which  the  letters 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.         1121 

are  made.  The  lead  metal  pot  is  small  and  unliooded.  There 
are  no  special  washing  facilities,  no  meals  eaten  in  the  place.  No 
cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Enamelled  Ware: 

One  large  plant  manufacturing  enamelled  household  ware  was 
visited.  Analyses  of  the  ingredients  used  for  enamelling  failed 
to  show  any  lead  present. 

Dyeing: 

Two  large  woolen  mills  and  one  large  carpet  plant  were  visited, 
and  analyses  of  the  dyes  used  and  samples  of  fabric  made  failed 
to  show  any  lead  present. 

Two  large  silk  mills  and  one  silk  thrower  were  visited.  In 
the  preparing  of  silk,  termed  throwing,  nothing  is  used  but  soap 
and  water,  with  oil  for  finishing. 

In  dyeing  and  weaving  of  silk  tin  instead  of  lead  is  used  for 
weighting  or  giving  body  to  the  silk,  and  no  lead  dyes  are  used. 
Samples  of  silk  were  analyzed  and  no  lead  found. 

Shoes: 

A  number  of  large  shoe  factories  were  visited,  but  it  was 
claimed  that  no  lead  preparations  were  used  in  dyeing  or  finish- 
ing.    Samples  of  different  preparation  were  secured  and  analyzed. 

In  two  of  the  plants  visited  tan  shoes  were  made,  and  before 
leaving  the  factory  were  examined  and  slight  defects  of  finish 
were  touched  up  with  a  tan  dressing.  But  one  or  two  men  were 
employed  at  this  work.  The  analyses  of  these  tan  dressings 
showed  that  they  contained  small  quantities  of  lead,  probably  as 
a  chrome.  The  average  number  of  bottles  used  is  about  twelve  a 
year,  or  twenty-four  ounces  of  mixture.  The  workers  handling 
the  fluid  were  not  very  clean,  but  no  cases  of  plumbism  were 
found.  It  is  evident  that  in  this  industry  the  only  danger  from 
lead  is  in  the  retouching  of  the  tan  shoes,  and  is  limited  to  a  very 
few  workers. 

Coated  Paper: 

Two  large  plants  were  visited  where  coated  paper  was  made. 
It  wa9  claimed  no  lead  was  used,  and  analyses  of  the  ingredients 
used  failed  to  show  any  lead  present.     None  was  found  in  the  air. 


1122        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

Harness  Making: 

A  number  of  harness  manufactories  were  visited,  but  no  lead 
was  found  to  be  used  in  dressing  or  finishing  the  leather.  In 
punching  holes  in  various  portions  of  the  harness  some  workers 
used  a  small  lead  plate  as  a  base,  but  many  used  a  thick  piece  of 
leather  for  the  same  purpose.  ~Eo  cases  of  plumbism  could  be 
found,  and  it  seems  rather  remote  to  classify  the  work  as  one  liable 
to  poisoning  from  lead. 

Chemical  Works: 

One  plant  was  visited  where  chlorine  products  had  been  made 
in  a  lead  lined  chamber  (see  also  arsenic),  but  this  had  been  done 
away  with  and  concrete  chambers  were  now  used.  They  had 
never  seen  any  cases  of  plumbism  during  this  work. 

One  plant  making  sulphuric  acid  was  visited.  In  this  indus- 
try large  lead  chambers  are  used  during  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture, and  the  acid  at  times  becomes  contaminated.  Samples  of 
the  acid  were  analyzed,  but  no  lead  was  found.  Samples  of  the 
fumes  in  the  plant  failed  to  show  any  lead.  ISTo  cases  were  found, 
and  the  superintendent  said  he  had  never  seen  any  evidences  of 
leading  in  all  the  years  he  had  been  connected  with  acid  making. 
Poisoning  in  this  industry  is  probably  an  uncommon  occurrence. 

Jewellers: 

A  number  of  jewellers  were  visited  as  to  the  use  of  lead.  Some 
of  the  solder  used  contains  a  minute  quantity  of  lead,  but  enough 
is  not  used  to  be  dangerous.  Formerly  precious  stones  were  set 
in  a  lead  bed  during  the  process  of  cutting  and  polishing,  but 
plaster  of  paris  is  now  used.  The  danger  in  this  industry  from 
such  work  is  certainly  not  dangerous. 

One  large  concern  was  visited  where  ornaments  were  made  of 
lead  and  then  enamelled. 

The  lead  is  melted  in  small  pots  which  are  provided  with  hoods 
and  pipes.  The  lead  is  poured  into  small  moulds  and  later  on 
enamelled.     Only  males  are  engaged  at  casting. 

In  the  enamelling,  colors  are  ground  and  mixed  in  inclosed 
machines.  The  product  when  ready  for  use  is  an  oil  mixture, 
and  there  is  no  dust  in  its  use.  Small  amounts  of  the  colors  are 
applied  to  the  novelty  (which  may  be  of  any  metal)  by  means  of 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.        1123 

a  small  metal  point.  The  novelty  is  then  put  into  a  special  oven 
and  at  high  temperature  practically  baked  on.  The  ovens  are 
hooded  and  piped  to  an  exhaust  pipe.  Thirty  females  are  em- 
ployed in  putting  on  the  color  or  enamel,  but  none  showed  any 
evidences  of  plumbism,  or  were  any  cases  known  of. 

While  the  quantity  of  enamel  used  by  each  worker  is  small,  still 
there  is  the  remote  possibility  of  getting  it  into  the  system  through 
lack  of  cleanliness. 

Embroidery : 

A  number  of  embroidery  places  were  visited  and  samples  of 
the  powder  in  use  analyzed.  ISTo  lead  was  found  present.  The 
only  danger  in  this  work  would  be  from  the  use  of  lead  carbonate 
as  a  pow^der  for  tracing  patterns,  but  it  seems  very  remote,  as 
none  of  the  manufacturers  use  it,  or  recommend  its  use. 

Dairy  Implements: 

A  number  of  cases  of  poisoning  had  been  reported  from  a  firm 
making  a  cream  separator.  A  visit  was  made  to  the  plant,  and 
it  was  discovered  that  in  a  portion  of  the  finishing  process  of 
some  of  the  parts  a  black  putty  consisting  of  65%  lead  was  put 
on  the  metal  part,  put  into  an  oven  for  baking,  and  after  harden- 
ing was  sandpapered. 

The  room  was  a.  large  light  room  on  the  first  floor  of  a  new 
building,  ventilated  by  a  plenum  system.  An  analysis  of  the  air 
of  the  room  showed  no  lead,  but  a  sample  taken  at  the  breathing 
level  of  a  worker  while  sandpapering  showed  68.8  milligrams  of 
lead  per  cubic  litre  of  air,  clearly  proving  the  danger  was  from 
inhaling  the  lead-laden  dust  created  during  the  process  of  sand- 
papering.   The  remedy  in  this  case  is  an  exhaust  system. 

Four  cases  of  lead  poisoning  were  found  in  this  part  of  the 
plant. 

One  worker  showed  blue  line  of  gums  and  had  colic  off  and  on 
for  two  months. 

Another  worker,  employed  one  year,  gave  no  history  of  any 
symptoms,  but  gums  showed  blue  line. 

Worker  had  been  employed  for  eight  months  then  remained 
away  for  eighteen  months.  Had  slight  blue  line  of  gums  and 
complained  of  wrist  and  arm  trouble. 


1124        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

The  star  case  was  a  worker  who  had  been  there  for  ten  years 
and  was  being  treated  by  a  physician  for  stomach  trouble.  He 
was  anaemic,  had  blue  line  of  gum,  and  a  marked  paralysis  (wrist 
drop)  in  both  wrists.  He  was  unaware  of  the  fact  that  he  was 
suffering  from  lead  poisoning,  and  no  one  in  the  factory  ever 
thought  of  such  a  thing. 

This  firm  also  does  tinning  and  soldering.  No  lead  is  used  in 
the  tin,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  found  in  the  tinning  shop. 

Soldering  is  done  both  by  hand  and  machine  in  a  large,  light, 
airy  shop.  The  machines  are  gradually  replacing  the  hand  work. 
Neither  the  solder  pots  of  the  machines  nor  the  furnaces  of  the 
hand  solderers  are  provided  with  hoods  or  exhaust  systems.  No 
cases  of  plumbism  were  found  among  the  solderers. 

The  firm  have  ample  washing  facilities,  but  furnish  no  towels. 
They  aim  to  have  a  sanitary  factory,  but  do  not  realize  the  danger 
incidental  to  the  use  of  lead.  The  workers  should  be  instructed 
as  to  the  danger,  and  special  precautions,  such  as  exhaust  systems, 
use  of  respirators,  and  personal  cleanliness,  should  be  insisted  on. 

Several  burial  casket  firms  were  visited,  but  they  claimed  that 
the  only  way  lead  was  used  was  in  soldering,  and  that  to  a  limited 
extent.  No  cases  of  plumbism  were  found,  and  no  conditions  were 
found  which  would  indicate  any  danger  to  the  workers  from  lead 
poisoning. 

Painting: 

That  painters  are  liable  to  lead  poisoning  is  a  common  fact. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  a  large  percentage  is  due  to  faulty  personal 
hygiene.  In  indoor  work  there  is  no  doubt  a  part  of  the  danger 
lies  in  sandpapering  or  scraping  paint,  and  it  was  with  this  phase 
of  the  work  we  tried  to  confine  ourselves.  The  plants  visited  were 
those  where  vehicles  were  made.  In  order  to  get  a  good  surface 
for  a  fine  finish,  the  various  portions  of  vehicles,  but  more  espec- 
ially the  body,  is  sandpapered  both  before  and  after  the  application 
of  paint.  During  the  process  of  sandpapering  a  fine  dust  is 
created,  and  inhaled  by  the  worker.  If  lead  is  on  the  part  being 
sandpapered,  there  is,  of  course,  danger  of  inhaling  the  fine  par- 
ticles set  loose. 

In  the  majority  of  plants,  there  is  plenty  of  floor  space  in  pro- 
portion to  the  workers,  but  on  account  of  storing  of  stock  which  is 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1125 

bulky,  and  the  few  workers  grouping  together,  it  is  as  bad  as 
working  in  a  confined  space. 

Seven  plants  were  visited  where  vehicles  were  made. 

Plant,  No.  1.  This  is  a  large  plant  making  carriages  and  auto- 
mobile bodies.  The  floors  of  the  various  buildings  were  large, 
light  and  airy,  with  but  few  workers  on  each  floor.  No  special 
washing  facilities;  and  meals  are  eaten  in  the  factory.  No  cases 
of  plumbism  could  be  found.  It  was  difficult  to  secure  informa- 
tion from  the  workers.  Samples  of  air  taken  in  the  room  showed 
no  lead  present,  but  a  sample  taken  at  the  breathing  level  of  one 
worker  who  was  leisurely  sandpapering  a  wheel  showed  2.2  milli- 
grams of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air,  proving  the  dangerous  nature 
of  the  work.  A  great  many  of  the  workers  were  anaemic  and  if 
every  one  could  be  given  a  strict  physical  examination,  plumbism 
would  probably  be  found  to  exist  in  many. 

At  quitting  time,  the  alkaline  sodium  sulphide  solution  was  ap- 
plied to  the  hands  of  twenty  workers  who  had  washed  up  prepara- 
tory to  going  home.  Fifteen  showed  the  presence  of  lead  still  on 
the  hands,  proving  uncleanliness,  one  of  the  causes  of  poisoning. 

There  seemed  a  disposition  on  the  part  of  the  workers  to  regard 
very  lightly  the  dangers  incidental  to  the  use  of  lead,  and,  as  a 
rule,  most  of  them  used  tobacco  for  smoking  and  chewing. 

Plant,  No.  2.  This  is  a  small  place  devoted  principally  to  repair 
work.  Four  men  are  employed.  No  sandpapering  was  being  done 
at  time  of  visit.  Washing  facilities  consisted  of  a  sink  and  cold 
water.  All  the  workers  chewed  tobacco,  and  were  careless  in  their 
habits.  No  history  of  any  symptoms  could  be  obtained,  though 
two  of  the  workers  looked  as  if  the  anaemia  was  due  to  lead. 

Plant,  No.  3.  This  was  formerly  a  large  carriage  factory,  but 
now  makes  automobile  bodies.  The  building  is  large  and  old 
fashioned,  with  poor  light  and  badly  ventilated,  but  the  workers 
are  few.  No  sandpapering  was  being  done.  No  special  washing 
facilities  are  provided,  and  the  head  of  the  firm  sees  no  danger 
from  lead.  Meals  are  eaten  in  the  shop.  It  was  claimed  that  in 
40 -years  only  one  case  had  occurred  in  the  place. 

Of  the  six  men  employed,  two  could  be  classed  as  leaded. 

One  worker  had  been  nine  years  at  outdoor  work  and  one  in- 
doors.    He  was  markedly  anaemic,  but  claimed  to  have  no  symp- 


1126        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Ausenic  Poisoning. 

tarns,  and  there  was  no  gum  line.  He  chewed  tobacco  but  was 
clean  as  to  person. 

One  worker,  25  years  of  age,  had  been  a  painter  for  eight  years. 
He  gave  no  history  and  had  no  gum  line.  Examination  showed 
him  to  be  tubercular,  and  in  my  opinion  leaded. 

Plant,  ISTo.  4.  Ten  men  are  employed  in  this  plant  and  in  place 
of  lead  priming,  a  rub  filler,  consisting  of  shellac,  japan  dryer, 
barium  sulphate,  silica,  and  linseed  oil,  is  used.  No  dry  rubbing 
is  done,  water  and  pumice  being  first  used,  then  sandpaper.  Hot 
and  cold  water  is  provided,  and  men  furnish  their  own  towels. 
Meals  are  eaten  in  the  factory. 

The  workers  are  very  clean  as  to  habits,  and  no  cases  of  plumb- 
ism  could  be  found. 

Plant,  No.  5.  This  is  a  large  carriage  manufactory,  employing 
50  men.  No  special  washing  facilities  other  than  hot  and  cold 
water  furnished.  Meals  are  eaten  in  the  facthory.  The  men  are 
as  a  rule  clean,  but  many  use  tobacco  for  chewing. 

Two  workers  were  seen  who  admit  having  been  treated  for  lead 
poisoning  a  number  of  years  ago,  but  claim  that  by  being  clean 
and  careful  they  have  had  no  return  of  symptoms.  Other  than 
slight  anaemia,  no  signs  of  plumbism  could  be  found.  No  cases 
were  found  among  the  other  workers. 

Another  plant  visited  will  be  described  under  motor  vehicles. 

In  the  following  plants  there  are  a  number  of  processes,  each 
entirely  separate  from  each  other,  but  it  is  deemed  advisable  for 
the  sake  of  clearness  to  describe  each  plant  in  entirety,  instead  of 
each  process  separately. 

Printing  and  Lithographing : 

One  of  the  largest  lithographing  firms  in  the  State  was  visited 
and  studied.  The  building  was  .a  modern  structure  with  all  sani- 
tary conveniences.  The  Departments  taken  up  were  color  mixing, 
bronzing,  pressroom,  stone  cleaning. 

The  plant  was  ventilated  by  means  of  a  plenum  system,  and 
ample  washing  facilities,  hot  and  cold  water ;  soap  and  towels  were 
furnished.     The  plant  was  kept  very  clean. 

Bronzing.  This  was  a  large,  light  room,  partitioned  off  the 
pressroom.  All  machines  were  entirely  inclosed  and  connected 
with  an  exhaust  system.     One  man  cleaned  up  all  dust  with  a 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.        1127 

vacuum  cleaner.  Despite  these  precautions  the  room  and  the 
clothes  of  the  men  were  covered  with  the  bronze  powder. 

In  Dr.  Collis's  report  on  bronzing,  there  seemed  to  be  an  opinion 
that  lead  poisoning  from  bronze  powder  is  almost  nil,  and  the 
amount  of  lead  found  in  the  samples  of  bronze  powder  submitted 
to  the  Government  chemist  contained  but  slight  traces  of  lead. 

This  seems  to  bear  out  our  own  investigation.  In  a  number  of 
samples  of  bronze  powder  analyzed  no  lead  was  found  present, 
and  no  cases  of  plumbism  could  be  found  among  the  workers. 

Pressroom.  During  the  lithographing,  the  pressmen  get  color 
on  their  hands  and  clothes,  and,  as  the  colors  contain  lead,  there  is 
some  danger.  ISIone  of  the  workers  examined  showed  any  symp- 
toms of  plumbism,  but  this  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  they  were 
cleanly  in  their  habits.  Twenty  workers  were  tested  after  wash- 
ing up,  and  no  lead  was  found  present  on  the  hands. 

Stone  Cleaning.  In  order  to  use  the  lithographing  stones  again 
the  color  is  washed  off  with  benzine,  the  design  ground  off  and  the 
stone  dressed.  The  workers  engaged  at  these  processes  were  all 
found  to  be  very  robust  and  exhibited  no  symptoms  of  plumbism. 

Color  Mixing.  This  was  done  in  a  large,  light  room.  There 
were  two  grinding  machines,  and  one  pony  mixer  which  was 
entirely  inclosed. 

One  man  did  the  color  mixing  and  had  been  there  a  number 
of  years.  He  gave  a  history  of  symptoms  which  indicated  plumb- 
ism, and  upon  my  advice  decided  to  see  a  physician. 

In  order  to  determine  to  what  extent  the  mixer  was  exposed, 
an  analysis  of  wash  water  was  made.  The  color  mixer  had  been 
mixing  chrome  colors  all  morning,  and  at  noon  he  wiped  his 
hands  as  clean  as  possible  with  cotton  cloth,  and  then  washed  them 
with  soap  and  water.  An  analysis  of  the  water  in  which  he  had 
washed  showed  3.74  milligrams  of  lead  carbonate,  a  further  proof 
of  the  part  personal  hygiene  plays  in  plumbism. 

Printing: 

Two  daily  newspapers  were  visited. 

Daily,  INTo.  1.  Composing  Room.  This  was  on  the  top  floor  of 
an  old  building  poorly  ventilated.  There  Mere  21  linotype  ma- 
chines. On  thirteen  the  pots  were  piped  to  a  chimney,  and  on 
eight   the   pots  were  piped  to  an  exhaust  fan  in   the  stereotype 


1128        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

room.  All  connections  were  poorly  made.  The  floor  is  kept  clean. 
Analyses  of  air  showed  no  lead  present.  Of  the  40  workers,  none 
gave  any  evidences  of  plumbism.  The  foreman  had  been  many 
years  in  the  business  and  for  years  had  set  type  by  hand.  He  was 
gradually  losing  his  sight  and  could  not  account  for  it.  In  my 
opinion,  he  was  really  suffering  from  the  results  of  being  leaded. 

Stereotyping.  This  is  a  portion  of  the  composing  room.  There 
are  two  metal  pots  heated  by  coal.  Over  the  pots  are  collapsible 
hoods  piped  to  a  24"  exhaust  fan  in  the  window.  Analyses  failed 
to  show  any  lead  present  in  the  air.  There  were  5  workers,  all 
robust,  and  no  evidences  of  plumbism  could  be  found. 

Daily,  No.  2.  Composing  Room.  This  was  on  the  second  floor 
of  what  had  evidently  been  a  former  dwelling.  The  room  was 
70'  x  25'  x  12'  high,  and  contained  seven  linotypes  the  pots  of 
which  were  piped  to  the  periphery  of  a  30"  exhaust  fan  in  window. 
The  room  is  entirely  unfitted  for  such  purpose.  No  lead  was 
found  in  the  air,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  found. 

Stereotyping.  This  was  in  the  rear  of  the  first  floor  and  con- 
nects with  pressroom.  There  is  a  sort  of  shaft  extending  20'  up- 
ward from  the  ceiling  and  capped  with  a  skylight  having  louvre 
windows.  The  place  is  not  clean,  and  the  one  metal  pot  is  hooded. 
No  lead  was  found  present  in  the  air.  The  four  workers  were 
very  robust,  and  showed  no  signs  of  plumbism. 

This  bears  out  the  result  of  former  investigation  by  the  Depart- 
ment to  the  effect  that  the  danger  from  fumes  from  metal  pots  are 
not  very  grave.  The  danger  is  from  the  oxides  floating  around  as 
dust,  and  the  dust  from  lead  allowed  to  accumulate  on  the  floor. 

In  order  to  determine  the  danger  incidental  to  job  or  hand  type 
setting,  the  worker  on  one  paper  washed  up  after  setting  type  all 
morning,  and  an  analysis  of  the  water  showed  1.30  milligrams  of 
lead  present.  This  is  proof  of  the  danger  in  handling  material 
containing  lead,  and  the  necessity  for  perfect  cleanliness  in  order 
to  avoid  taking  it  into  the  system. 

Storage  Batteries  {Electric  Accumulators.)  : 

According  to  the  Department  returns,  out  of  67  cases  of  lead 
poisoning  reported  among  indoor  workers  (23  of  painters),  15 
occurred  among  storage  battery  workers,  which  would  seem  to 
indicate  the  industry  as  a  very  dangerous  one. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.        1129 

Storage  batteries  are  made  as  follows: 

First  the  grid  is  cast  out  of  lead,  it  may  be  solid  or  have  small 
perforations.  If  cast  solid  it  is  put  through  a  machine  to  swage 
or  roughen  by  finely  scored  lines.  The  grids  are  thoroughly 
cleaned  of  oil  by  means  of  benzine  and  are  ready  for  pasting. 
The  grids  are  used  for  the  positives,  and  the  sponge  lead  for  the 
negatives.  The  grids  are  now  smoothly  covered  writh  a  paste  con- 
taining a  lead  compound  and  sulphuric  acid.  They  are  then 
placed  in  tanks  of  sulphuric  acid  for  48  hours  to  form.  The 
plates  are  again  cleaned,  burned  off,  and  arranged  in  series.  The 
smaller  posts  and  connections  are  soldered  in  and  the  batteries 
made  up  in  different  sizes  as  required.  There  are  different  types 
of  batteries  and  the  process  varies  somewhat  with  each  type. 

Plant,  No.  1.  This  is  a  large  concern  making  a  modification  of 
the  Plante  cell,  and  also  the  paste  type. 

Casting  Room.  This  is  an  open  room  60'  x  25'  x  14',  there  are 
six  lead  pots  with  no  hoods  or  exhaust  system.  Of  the  twenty 
workers,  ten  are  young  boys  engaged  in  trimming  the  lead  grids. 
Gloves  are  worn  during  the  process,  but  the  place  is  dirty. 
Analyses  of  the  air  of  this  room  showed  3.4  milligrams  of  lead 
per  cubic  metre  of  air. 

Pasting  Room.  This  is  just  off  the  casting  room.  Despite  the 
fact  that  the  tables  on  which  grids  are  pasted  have  an  exhaust  at- 
tachment, the  room  is  not  clean.  There  are  seventeen  employees 
who  wear  gloves  furnished  by  the  firm.  Little  attention  is  given 
by  the  workers  to  whether  the  gloves  are  in  good  repair.  "Where 
attention  was  called  to  gloves  in  bad  shape,  and  new  pairs  were 
given  out,  the  workers  started  to  put  their  dirty  hands  in  the  new 
gloves,  illustrating  how  little  attention  is  paid  to  personal  hygiene. 

Analyses  of  air  in  this  room  showed  4.2  milligrams  of  lead  per 
cubic  metre  of  air. 

Assembling.  This  is  a  room  60'  x  50'  x  30'.  Ventilation  is  by 
natural  means.  Here  the  plates  are  burned  off  by  means  of  a 
small  bunsen  torch,  and  then  soldered  together  in  series,  or  groups, 
and  placed  in  sealed  cells.  There  are  only  a  few  workers  at  each 
branch  of  the  work,  and  they  sometimes  alternate.  No  gloves  are 
worn,  and  there  are  no  special  devices  for  removing  dust  or  fumes. 
A  sample  of  air  taken  at  lend  burning  bench  during  work  showed 


1130        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

2.6  milligrams  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air,  emphasizing  the 
need  of  an  exhaust  system.  The  tables  are  dampened  several  times 
during  the  day,  and  the  floors  cleaned,  but  this  does  not  remove 
the  danger. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and  towels  are  provided  for  men  in 
lead  processes,  and  cathartic  pills  are  furnished  free.  The  hands 
of  ten  workers  who  handled  the  pasted  grids  were  examined  after 
they  had  washed  up,  and  lead  was  found  present  on  all. 

Three  cases  of  poisoning  occurring  in  this  plant  were  reported 
to  the  Department.  During  the  visit  the  following  cases  were 
found. 

Casting.  Three  of  the  boys  engaged  in  trimming  grids  showed 
typical  anaemia,  but  as  they  could  speak  no  English,  further  in- 
formation could  not  be  secured.  They  were  all  under  18,  and  had 
been  working  several  months. 

Pasting.  Information  was  hard  to  secure,  as  workers  spoke 
little  English.  One  case  worked  three  months.  Anaemic,  marked 
line  on  gums.  Polish  worker,  no  history  could  be  obtained. 
Anaemic,  line  on  gums.  Four  cases  were  seen  with  marked  pallor, 
but  no  history  could  be  obtained. 

Polish  worker  being  treated  by  a  physician  for  lead  poisoning 
but  still  continuing  at  work. 

Assembling.  Two  lead  burners  reported  to  the  Department 
showed  marked  symptoms  and  still  continued  at  same  wTork. 

One  lead  burner,  employed  ten  years,  gave  no  history,  but  had 
well  marked  anaemia  and  gum  indications. 

In  a  small  room  off  the  pasting  room  the  weighing  and  mixing 
is  done.  No  means  are  taken  to  keep  down  the  dust,  and  the 
worker  is  a  Pole  who  understands  no  English,  and  showed  evi- 
dences of  plumbism. 

General  conditions  in  this  plant  need  remedying.  There  is  need 
for  measures  to  take  care  of  dust  and  fumes.  The  workers  should 
also  be  informed  of  the  danger  of  poisoning. 

Plant,  No.  2.  This  is  a  large  plant  making  Plante  and  paste 
batteries.     Each  department  is  in  a  separate  building. 

Casting.  This  is  a  large,  light  building  with  mechanical  means 
for  ventilation.  All  metal  pots  are  hooded,  and  men  wear  respira- 
tors and  gloves.    Despite  these  precautions,  an  analysis  of  the  air 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.        1131 

at  the  pots  showed  1.0  milligram  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air, 
probably  due  to  oxides  formed  on  cooling  of  metal,  or  carried  in  by 
workers  coming  from  the  pasting  department. 

Pasting  Room.  This  is  a  large,  light  room,  and  pasting  is  done 
on  tables  provided  with  an  exhaust.  Twenty  workers  are  em- 
ployed, mostly  foreigners  who  speak  no  English. 

The  men  are  furnished  gloves,  but  they  are  of  little  protection 
as  the  workers  take  them  off,  handle  the  lead  with  bare  hands,  and 
then  put  the  dirty  hands  back  into  the  gloves.  Despite  the  ex- 
haust system,  the  workers  slop  the  paste  over  the  floor  and  on  the 
benches.  The  air  analyses  showed  1.2  milligrams  of  lead  per 
cubic  metre  of  air.  The  foreman  said  it  was  hard  to  get  them  to 
keep  clean,  and  despite  orders  against  eating,  they  would  bring  in 
sandwiches  and  eat  them  with  dirty  hands.  As  an  example  of 
uncleanliness,  the  condition  of  the  drinking  water  cooler  was 
proof.  Upon  taking  off  the  cover,  red  lead  was  seen  on  top  of  the 
water,  so  it  was  no  wonder  the  workers  were  poisoned. 

Just  off  the  pasting  room  was  the  weighing  room.  Here  every 
precaution  was  being  taken.  In  every  process  where  the  dry  lead 
was  handled,  such  as  weighing  and  mixing,  it  was  done  under  a 
hood  connected  with  an  exhaust.  The  wwkers  wore  gloves  and 
respirators,  and  were  careful  in  all  their  methods  of  handling  the 
lead  compounds. 

Forming  Rooms.  These  are  in  separate  building,  light  and 
airy,  but  no  special  means  for  removing  acid  fumes  from  tanks. 
Workers  wear  rubber  gloves.  There  are  never  more  than  five  men 
at  work  in  the  rooms. 

Assembling.  This  is  a  large,  light  building.  There  are  only 
eight  workers  on  assembling. 

Burning  Off  Room.  This  is  a  large  light  room.  Ten  men  are 
engaged  in  burning,  and  ten  in  soldering.  A  machine  for  group 
soldering  has  been  installed  and  is  equipped  with  an  exhaust  sys- 
tem ;  this  does  much  to  lessen  the  danger.  The  men  are  not  as 
careful  as  they  might  be  in  these  departments,  though  means  for 
protection  are  furnished  by  firm  who  endeavor  to  keep  the 
rooms  free  from  dust.  An  analysis  of  the  air  at  the  burning  off 
benches  showed  1.8  grams  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air.  This  is 
conclusive  that  there  is  danger  attending  this  process. 


1132        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

The  firm  endeavors  to  protect  the  workers  as  far  as  it  is  pos- 
sible for  them  to  do  so.  Wash  rooms  with  hot  and  cold  water  and 
soap  powder  are  provided,  and  workers  are  allowed  fifteen  minutes 
to  wash  up  in.  Tests  of  workers  who  merely  used  soap  showed 
that  lead  was  not  all  removed,  whereas  those  who  used  the  wash- 
ing powder  showed  no  lead.  Gloves  and  respirators  are  furnished, 
but  in  many  cases  are  not  used. 

Despite  all  the  precautions  taken  in  this  plant,  there  were  thir- 
teen cases  reported  to  the  Department  as  occurring  among  its  em- 
ployees.   Most  of  these  cases  were  found  to  be  among  the  pasters. 

During  the  visit,  four  cases  were  seen  in  the  pasting  room,  and 
a  greater  part  of  the  workers  looked  suspicious. 

One  case  was  found  in  the  assembling  room. 

One  case  was  found  in  the  burning  off  room. 

One  case  was  found  in  the  forming  room. 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  in  this  plant  the  many  cases  are  due  to 
faulty  personal  hygiene,  and  emphasizes  the  fact  that  the  workers 
must  be  educated,  and  warned  of  the  danger. 

The  greatest  danger  seems  to  be  in  the  weighing  of  the  ingred- 
ients, and  the  pasting  of  the  grids,  due  to  the  large  quantities  of 
dust  containing  lead  oxides.  There  is  less  danger  in  handling  the 
negative  plates  which  contain  lead  sulphate  and  are  hard.  The 
positive  plates  are  composed  of  lead  oxide. 

There  is  no  doubt  of  the  dangerous  nature  of  the  storage  battery 
industry,  and  the  need  for  measures  applicable  not  only  to  the 
industry,  but  also  to  the  employees,  is  fully  emphasized. 

Electrical  Equipments: 

Plant,  ISTo.  1.  This  firm  makes  various  electrical  supplies,  and 
comprises  a  lead  cable  department,  a  brass  foundry,  and  numerous 
assembling  departments.  The  departments  where  lead  is  used 
are  as  follows: 

Brass  Foundry.  This  is  in  a  large,  light  building,  50'  x  60' 
x  25'  high,  the  roof  being  a  Texas  with  louvre  windows.  There 
are  9  crucibles,  the  tops  of  which  are  flush  with  the  floor.  The 
lead  used  does  not  go  over  5%.  Seventeen  workers  are  employed 
The  caster  had  been  at  this  sort  of  work  for  seven  years  and  gave 
no  history  of  plumbism,  but  showed  a  faint  line  in  the  gums.  In 
my  opinion  he  had  some  lead  absorption.     No  other  cases  were 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesehto  Poisoning.        1133 

found.  There  were  no  special  provisions  for  washing  other  than 
hot  and  cold  water,  and  meals  were  eaten  in  the  foundry. 

Cable  Department.  This  was  in  a  room  100'  x  300'  x  12'  high. 
There  are  three  machines,  the  metal  pots  of  which  are  not  hooded. 
Eight  men  are  employed,  and  none  wear  gloves  which  are  fur- 
nished by  the  company.    Meals  are  eaten  in  this  room. 

Xo  lead  was  found  upon  analyses  of  the  air,  due  probably  to 
the  enormous  air  space,  and  but  one  machine  working. 

Pocket  Lamp  Battery  Department.  In  this  room  some  hand 
soldering  is  done  by  females,  and  lead  foil  used  in  making  batter- 
ies is  handled  by  girls.     Xo  work  was  being  done  at  time  of  visit. 

The  general  conditions  of  this  plant  are  fair,  but  no  special 
precautions  are  taken  to  guard  against  lead  poisoning.  One  case 
was  reported  to  the  Department  as  occurring  in  a  cable  worker 
in  this  plant.  This  worker  was  not  seen,  but  there  was  soen 
another  case  in  this  department.  He  was  anaemic,  and  the  gum 
indications  were  marked. 

Plant,  Xo.  2.  This  plant  makes  cables,  and  has  a  rubber  de- 
partment and  a  lead  department. 

li ubber  Department: 

Weighing  Room.  This  is  a  large  room  with  a  balcony  for  reach- 
ing the  hoppers  of  the  mills.  The  mills  are  enclosed,  but  there  are 
no  special  means  for  dealing  with  the  dust  created  in  handling  the 
dry  materials  used.  The  room  is  quite  dusty,  and  but  one  worker 
was  seen  wearing  a  respirator.  An  analysis  of  the  air  of  this  room 
showed  1.0  milligram  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air. 

Incorporating  Room.  This  is  a  long  room  off  the  cable  room. 
There  are  4  rubber  washers,  and  6  incorporating  machines,  which 
are  merely  sets  of  revolving  rollers  set  close  together.  There  are 
no  special  means  for  handling  the  dust  created  during  process  of 
feeding  the  incorporators.  There  is  a  muslin  hood  over  the  top  of 
each  machine,  but  this  is  to  prevent  dirt  getting  into  the  rubber 
mixture.  The  floor  is  kept  clean,  but  an  analysis  of  the  air 
showed  2.9  milligrams  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air.  Xone  of 
the  workers  vore  respirators  or  gloves. 

Lead  Cable.  This  is  in  the  main  building  which  is  spacious. 
There  is  one  lead  cable  machine,  the  metal  pot  of  which  has  no 
47 


1134        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

hood.  Tliere  are  eight  men  employed.  Very  little  attention  is 
paid  to  their  personal  appearance,  and  in  handling  the  lead,  gloves 
are  seldom  worn.     ISTo  lead  was  found  in  the  air. 

The  company  furnish  no  means  for  safeguarding  the  workers 
against  lead,  and  washing  facilities  are  merely  running  water. 
Many  improvements  are  necessary  to  make  the  work  safe. 

One  case  of  lead  poisoning  was  reported  to  the  Department  as 
occurring  in  a  worker  at  this  plant. 

Four  cases  were  seen  at  time  of  visit. 

One  worker  in  the  weighing  room  had  gastro-intestinal  trouble 
and  showed  signs  of  beginning  nervous  trouble. 

Three  workers  at  the  incorporating  rolls  had  typical  lead 
anaemia,  but  gave  no  history  of  illness. 

Plant,  Xo.  3.  This  plant  makes  copper  wire  and  has  a  rubber 
department.  At  time  of  visit  alterations  were  being  made  in  this 
portion  of  the  plant.  The  principal  danger  in  this  place  was  con- 
fined to  the  weighing  of  the  pigments  and  the  mixing  of  the  rub- 
ber. The  weighing  room  was  a  small  closet  like  room,  and  one 
American  did  all  the  weighing.  ~Ro  special  means  were  used  to 
keep  down  the  dust,  and  no  respirator  was  worn.  The  mixers  were 
in  the  main  room,  but  not  provided  with  any  exhaust  system.  It 
is  intended  to  put  this  department  in  a  separate  building.  No 
cases  of  plumbism  were  seen. 

Plant,  Wo.  4.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  manufacturers  of  elec- 
trical goods  in  the  world.  The  various  departments  are,  in  some 
instances,  industries  in  themselves.  Each  department  has  its  own 
building.     The  following  departments  were  visited : 

Brass  Foundry: 

This  occupies  a  building  250'  x  100"  x  30'  high,  well  lighted, 
and  ventilated  by  natural  means.  110  men  are  employed.  There 
are  seven  crucibles  arranged  under  a  shaft  leading  to  roof.  Seven 
under  a  large  hood  with  duct  to  roof,  and  two  single  crucibles,  each 
with  a  hood  and  duct  connection  to  roof.  The  amount  of  lead  used 
in  the  brass  varies  from  %  to  4%.  Excellent  wash  rooms  and  lava- 
tories were  in  the  building,  but  no  towels  were  furnished.  'No 
cases  of  plumbism  were  found,  and  the  foreman  had  never  heard 
of  lead  poisoning  among  the  brass  workers.  Many  admitted  hav- 
ing had  the  "  chills." 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.         1135 

Cable  Department.  This  was  carried  on  in  a  building 
200'  x  100'  x  30'  high.  There  were  four  machines,  the  lead  pots 
of  which  were  not  hooded.  The  workers  wore  gloves.  Xo  lead 
was  found  in  the  air,  and  no  cases  of  plumbism  were  seen. 

Rubber  Work: 

Weighing  Room.  This  was  a  room  partitioned  off  the  main 
portion  of  the  second  floor.  There  were  a  number  of  grinders  and 
mills,  and  a  balcony  for  feeding  bolting  machines.  There  was  no 
exhaust  system  for  handling  the  dust,  and  on  one  side  of  the  room 
two  30"  exhaust  fans  were  set  in  the  window.  The  place  was  very 
dusty,  and  upon  attention  being  called  to  the  action  of  the  fans 
in  making  conditions  worse,  they  were  stopped.  In  the  mixtures 
used,  as  high  as  70%  litharge  was  used.  An  analysis  of  the  air 
showed  6  milligrams  of  lead  per  cubic  metre  of  air.  Meals  were 
eaten  in  this  room. 

Mixing,  This  was  done  on  the  first  floor,  the  room  measuring 
300'  x  100'  x  14-'  high.  There  were  10  rolls  or  masticators,  and 
are  used  for  incorporating  the  pigment  in  the  rubber.  None  of 
the  machines  have  an  exhaust  system.  Respirators  are  furnished 
but  not  worn,  as  it  is  claimed  they  irritate  the  face.  One-half  hour 
is  allowed  for  meals,  which  are  eaten  in  the  same  room.  Workers 
do  not  wash  up,  claiming  they  have  not  sufficient  time.  Analyses 
showed  0.5  milligrams  lead. 

Seven  cases  were  found  in  this  department,  all  gave  evidences 
of  colic  and  muscular  pain,  were  anaemic,  and  had  the  gum  line. 

It  was  strange  that  this  department  should  be  so  lacking  in  safe- 
guards, as  in  another  department  (described  later),  where  machines 
of  a  similar  character  were  in  use,  exhaust  systems  were  installed. 

Insulating  Department.  In  this  department  some  litharge  was 
used.  All  mixers,  masticators  and  calenders  were  equipped  with 
hoods  connected  with  an  exhaust  system.  All  weighing  and 
handling  was  done  under  hoods. 

In  one  of  the  buildings,  hand  soldering  of  small  parts  is  carried 
on.  There  are  ten  pots  hooded  and  connected  to  an  S"  exhaust 
fan.  Girls  are  employed  at  the  soldering.  Xo  cases  of  plumbism 
were  found. 

The  washing  facilities  in  each  building  are  splendid,  but  no 
towels  are  furnished.     There  is  a  small  emergency  hospital  in  the 


1136        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

plant  with  a  nurse  in  constant  attendance,  but  there  is  no  regular 
attending  physician. 

A  conference  was  held  with  the  manager  and  heads  of  depart- 
ments, which  resulted  in  measures  being  at  once  taken  to  remedy 
faulty  conditions. 

Motor  Vehicles: 

This  is  a  large  plant  and  comprises  a  number  of  departments 
connected  with  machinery  and  vehicle  manufacturing. 

Foundry.  This  is  a  large,  light,  airy  concrete  building  at  the 
river  front.  18  males  are  employed.  Brass  and  aluminum  are 
cast.  It  was  admitted  that  lead  was  used  in  both  mixtures.  Lead 
was  found  in  the  air  2.58  milligrams  per  cubic  metre. 

Machine  Shop.  This  occupies  the  floor  of  an  old  building  and 
is  divided  into  various  lathe  and  turning  operations.  The 
aluminum  metal  is  used  for  running  boards  and  for  gear  cases. 
The  foreman  did  not  know  there  was  any  lead  in  it,  and  asked  if 
lead  was  a  poison.  In  one  portion  of  the  room  were  two  workers 
casting  babbitt  bearings.     Pots  were  not  hooded. 

Paint  Shop.  This  includes  portions  of  two  floors  and  one 
small  building,  and  is  devoted  to  finishing  automobile  bodies. 
There  were  40  men  engaged  in  painting  and  sandpaper- 
ing. ISTone  had  been  with  this  firm  very  many  months.  Most  of 
the  men  chewed  tobacco  and  were  not  very  clean.  Two  admitted 
having  suffered  from  plumbism,  and  one  remarked  that  "  if  paint- 
ers would  keep  clean  they  would  not  be  leaded,  as  he  had  learned 
by  his  own  experience." 

Washing  facilities  are  inadequate,  and  no  special  precautions 
were  taken  to  insure  cleanliness.  Meals  were  eaten  in  all  parts 
of  the  factory. 

One  case  was  reported  to  the  department  from  this  plant.  He 
was  a  young  foreigner  and  had  been  doing  painting.  When  seen 
he  was  at  work  in  the  machine  shop.  The  only  symptoms  he 
showed  was  slight  anaemia,  and  had  cramps  once  in  a  while. 

In  the  paint  shop  ten  of  the  workers  had  a  typical  lead  pallor, 
and  in  the  babbitt  casting  the  two  workers  showed  evidences  of 
being  leaded.  Tests  made  on  the  hands  of  some  of  the  painter? 
showed  they  did  not  remove  the  lead  by  washing. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.        1137 

Conditions  need  remedying  in  this  plant,  especially  in  the  pro- 
cesses where  the  workers  are  exposed  to  the  action  of  lead. 

A  number  of  factories  were  visited  where  processes  were  carried 
on  in  which  it  was  reputed  there  was  danger  from  lead.  Among 
these  were  musical  instruments,  making  of  colored  cloth,  arti- 
ficial flowers,  brush  makers,  hatters  and  lacemakers.  But  no 
evidence  could  be  found  in  support  of  this  theory. 

Conclusions. 

The  result  of  the  investigation  has  brought  forth  a  number  of 
important  facts,  many  of  which  confirm  the  findings  of  previous 
investigators,  and  emphasizes  the  need  for  further  scientific 
investigation. 

That  danger  exists  in  many  industries  is  clearly  proven.  In 
many  instances  the  proprietors  themselves  are  unaware  of  the 
presence  of  lead  in  the  material  used,  or  the  danger  therefrom. 

It  has  been  shown  that  in  some  industries  other  ingredients 
have  been  substituted  in  the  place  of  lead. 

It  is  apparent  that  medical  supervision  is  necessary  for  workers 
exposed  to  lead  and  its  compounds. 

There  are  certain  industries  more  dangerous  than  others,  and 
for  these,  special  regulations  are  necessary,  such  are  vhite  lead 
works,  colors,  paints  and  varnishes,  potteries,  storage  battery 
works,  smelting  and  making  of  alloys,  solderings,  rubber  goods. 

Lead  poisoning  can  be  prevented  by  proper  removal  of  all  dust, 
fumes,  gases  and  vapors,  and  by  cleanliness  on  the  part  of  the 
worker. 

It  is  clearly  shown  that  many  of  the  workers  do  not  make  use 
of  the  means  provided  for  their  protection. 

There  is  necessity  for  an  active  campaign  of  education  not  only 
among  the  workers,  but  also  among  employers  so  that  the  danger 
and  the  remedies  may  become  familiar  to  both. 

Recommendations. 

In  the  industries,  a  general  law  or  regulation  is  not  always 
practical,  or  capable  of  enforcement,  for  what  may  be  just  in  one 
case  would  be  unjust  in  another.  It  is  recommended  that  the 
Labor  Department  be  given  authority  to  formulate  special  regula- 
tions for  special  industries  using  lead,  modeled  after  the  regula- 


1138        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

tions  adopted  by  Great  Britain  and  Germany.  The  Department 
should  also  possess  the  power  to  add  to  such  rules  new  sections  as 
may  be  required  by  changes  in  the  industries  or  processes  of 
manufacture. 

The  following  industries  are  among  those  for  which  special 
rules  should  be  formulated: 

Manufacture  of  white  lead. 

Manufacture  of  dry  colors. 

Manufacture  of  lead  oxides. 

Manufacture  of  paints  and  varnish. 

Manufacture  of  storage  batteries. 

Potteries  and  china  makers. 

Smelting,  making  of  alloys  and  plumbers'  supplies. 

Manufacture  of  articles  from  metallic  lead. 

Manufacture  of  rubber  goods  where  lead  is  used. 

Painting  of  manufactured  articles. 

The  following  recommended  regulations  are  merely  general  in 
character : 

ISTo  female,  or  male  minor  under  eighteen,  should  be  permitted 
to  handle  any  lead  compound  in  dry  or  powdered  form,  or  be 
employed  in  any  process  where  dust  containing  lead  compounds 
may  be  generated  during  the  manufacturing  process. 

Xo  worker  should  be  employed  in  using  lead  without  the  posses- 
sion of  a  medical  certificate,  and  should  have  a  periodical  examina- 
tion, at  least  once  in  six  months. 

Where  large  quantities  of  lead  are  used,  the  firm  should  have 
regular  medical  supervision!. 

Respirators,  gloves,  overalls  and  headcoverings  should  be  fur- 
nished the  workers,  and  the  same  cleansed  or  renewed  at  least 
once  a  week. 

A  dry  room  free  from  dust  should  be  provided  where  the 
worker  may  hang  such  clothing  as  is  not  worn  while  at  work. 
There  should  also  be  provided  a  separate  place  for  keeping  respira- 
tors, overalls  and  headcoverings  used  while  at  work. 

Washing  facilities  consisting  of  hot  and  cold  water,  soap,  nail 
brushes,  and  individual  towels,  should  be  furnished.  There  should 
be  at  least  one  tap  or  basin  for  every  5  workers. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.         1139 

No  food  or  drink  should  be  brought  into  any  room  where  lead 
is  used,  and  a  special  lunch  room  should  be  provided  for  the 
workers.  Workers  in  lead  should  have  a  light  warm  meal  before 
starting  work  in  the  morning. 

The  use  of  tobacco  in  any  form  should  be  prohibited  during 
working  hours. 

All  dust,  fumes,  gases  or  vapors  created,  should  be  removed 
effectively  at  the  point  of  origin,  and  in  a  direction  away  from 
the  worker.     This  is  best  accomplished  by  an  exhaust  system. 

When  a  worker  is  found  suffering  from  plumbism,  he  or  she 
should  be  provided  with  employment  where  no  lead  is  used. 

Xotices  shall  be  posted  warning  of  the  danger  from  the  use  of 
lead,  and  giving  rules  for  prophylaxis.  This  should  be  printed  in 
several  languages. 

A  record  should  be  kept  of  all  cases  of  illness,  the  record  book 
to  be  readily  available  for  inspection  by  officers  of  the  Labor 
Department. 

Time  should  be  given  the  workers  to  wash  up  in,  and  at  least 
one  hour  should  be  allowed  for  meals. 

All  workrooms  should  be  thoroughly  cleaned  up  by  a  wet  process 
at  least  once  a  day,  and,  where  the  dust  is  hard  to  handle,  should 
be  dampened  down  several  times  during  the  day. 

In  order  to  prevent  plumbism,  it  is  necessary  for  the  worker  to 
realize  that  he  or  she  must  obey  certain  necessary  rules  of  hygiene, 
otherwise  regulations  merely  obeyed  by  the  industries  are  entirely 
in  vain. 

Workers  should  realize  that  cleanliness  is  all  important,  and  use 
should  be  made  of  the  facilities  furnished. 

No  food  or  drink  should  be  brought  into  the  factory,  and  no 
meals  should  be  eaten  in  any  room  but  the  lunch  room.  Tobacco 
in  any  form  should  not  be  used  during  working  hours. 

The  measures  supplied  for  protection  during  work  should  be 
used  and  taken  care  of,  and  no  apparatus  for  removal  of  dust,  or 
fumes  should  be  interfered  with  or  rendered  useless. 

Workers  should  submit  to  proper  medical  examination,  and 
upon  the  first  sign  of  illness  report  at  unco  to  the  physician. 

Workers  suffering  from  plumbism  should  not  return  t<>  any 
work  which  exposes  them  still  further  to  lead. 


1140        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

Care  should  be  taken  by  workers  so  that  other  workers  may  not 
be  exposed  to  the  danger  of  poisoning  through  their  carelessness  in 
handling  material,  or  in  matters  of  personal  hygiene. 

AKSEKLC   POISONING. 

Arsenic,  meaning  literally  male  arson  (from  the  notion  of  the 
alchemists  that  metals  were  of  different  sexes),  was  known  to  the 
early  Greeks.  Aristotle  gave  it  the  name  of  "  sandaraka,"  and 
Theophrastus  mentions  it  as  "  arsenikon."  These  substances  were 
undoubtedly  sulphides  of  arsenic.  Olympiodorus,  a  Greek  alche- 
mist, obtained  the  oxide  or  white  arsenic  by  roasting  arsenic  sul- 
phide, and  in  the  arts  of  the  ancients  these  substances  were  used 
to  impart  a  white  color  to  copper. 

Arsenic  is  found  as  an  impurity  with  many  of  the  minerals,  but 
the  more  common  ores  are  realgar,  orpiment,  arsenic  pyrites  or 
mispickel,  and  arsenolite.  Xo  arsenic  is  mined  in  the  United 
States.  Some  6,000,000  pounds  of  arsenic  are  imported  annually, 
mainly  from  England  and  Germany. 

Chemistry. 

Arsenic  is  a  brittle,  steel  gray  solid ;  upon  being  freshly  broken 
it  has  a  metallic  lustre  which  disappears  slowly  in  a  moist  atmos- 
phere. Heated  in  the  air  it  volatilizes  without  melting  at  tem- 
peratures above  212°  F. — 100°  C,  and  rapidly  vaporizes  at  a 
dull  red  heat.  The  vapor  is  of  a  golden  yellow  color  and  has  an 
odor  of  garlic. 

There  are  many  compounds  of  arsenic,  but  in  the  industries  it 
is  necessary  to  notice  the  following: 

Arsenious  oxide  or  arsenic  trioxide  is  the  most  important,  and  is 
often  called  "  arsenic  "  or  "  white  arsenic."  There  are  two  com- 
mon varities,  a  white,  granular  powder  and  an  amorphous,  glass- 
like solid.     It  has  no  odor,  but  has  a  faint  metallic  taste. 

Scheele's  green  or  Paris  green,  is  a  hydrocupric  arsenite,  con- 
taining 52.8%  of  arsenius  anhydride. 

Schweinfurt  green,  Vienna  green,  emerald  green,  is  a  cupric 
arsenite  and  acetate,  containing  58.4%  of  arsenious  acid. 

Orpiment,  or  Arsenic  trisulphide,  contains  60.98%  arsenic,  is 
crystalline,  and  of  a  brilliant  color.     For  industrial  purposes  it  is 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1141 

prepared  artificially  by  subliming  one  part  of  sulphur  with  two 
parts  of  arsenic  trioxide.  The  resulting  product  varies  in  color 
from  yellow  to  red  according  to  the  relative  quantities  of  the 
ingredients  used. 

liealgar,  arsenic  sulphide,  contains  70.01%  of  arsenic.  The 
commercial  product  averages  75%  of  arsenic. 

.Realgar  is  found  native  in  ruby  red  crystals,  and  is  also  found 
at  times  associated  with  lead.  It  is  prepared  artificially  for  the 
industries  by  heating  together  nine  parts  of  arsenic  and  four  parts 
of  sulphur,  or,  one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  parts  of  arsenious 
anhydride  with  one  hundred  and  twelve  parts  of  sulphur. 

Arseniuretted  hydrogen,  arsine,  is  a  colorless  inllammable  gas 
of  fetid,  garlicky  odor.  One  litre  contains  95.69%  arsenic. 
Oxygen  or  air  and  arseniuretted  hydrogen,  make  an  explosive  mix- 
ture. Chlorine  decomposes  the  gas  with  great  energy,  combining 
with  the  hydrogen  and  setting  free  arsenic  as  a  brown  cloud,  any 
excess  of  the  chlorine  combines  with  the  arsenic  as  a  chloride. 

For  many  years  the  ordinary  and  best  known  qualitative 
test  for  ansenic  has  been  the  simple  one  known  as  Marsh's  test,  but, 
as  antimony  gives  the  same  result  as  arsenic,  the  test  is  not  reliable 
unless  carried  out  very  finely. 

In  atmospheric  analyses  where  minute  quantities  of  arsenic  may 
be  present,  and  a  quantitative  analyses  is  necessary,  it  is  of  import- 
ance that  the  method  adopted  be  of  extreme  accuracy.  In  this 
conection  the  following  method  was  pursued : 

In  all  cases  one  thousand  litres  of  air  was  aspirated  through  a 
battery  of  specially  constructed  gas-wash  bottles,  containing  doubly 
distilled  water.  After  securing  the  sample,  nitric  acid  and  sul- 
phuric acid  are  added  to  the  v  ater  to  convert  into  a  soluble  form 
such  arsenic  as  may  be  present.  The  solution  is  then  evaporated 
until  fumes  of  sulphuric  acid  come  off.  The  mass  is  now  trans- 
ferred to  a  small  florence  flask  which  has  a  tube  bent  at  double 
right  angles  leading  into  a  high  gas-wash  bottle  containing  dis- 
tilled water.  To  the  contents  of  the  flask  is  added  one  gram  of 
ferrous  sulphate.  Heat  is  applied  to  the  flask  and  hydrochloric 
acid  run  in.  The  acid  is  run  in  through  a  thistle-tube  fitted  with 
a  stop  cock.  Chloride  of  arsenic  forms  in  the  presence  of  arsenic, 
which  is  soluble  in  the  water  contained  in  the  gas-wash  bottles. 
After    completing    the    operation    of    the    formation    of    arsenic 


1142        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Ajrsenic  Poisoning. 

chloride,  and  mo  more  will  distill,  the  gaseous  residue  remaining 
in  the  apparatus  is  aspirated  through  a  watery  solution.  In  order 
to  guard  against  outside  atmospheric  contamination  and  prevent 
collapse  of  the  flask  with  a  liability  of  sucking  back  of  the  liquid 
into  the  flask,  a  small  check  valve  was  placed  on  the  flask.  The 
chloride  of  arsenic  collected  in  the  large  gas-wash  bottle  is  now 
treated  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  a  stream  of  carbon  dioxide 
passed  through  the  solution  to  dispel  any  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
which  may  remain  in  excess.  The  resulting  precipitate  of  'arsenic 
sulphide  is  now  collected  upon  an  accurately  weighed  filter  paper, 
and  the  result  calculated. 

In  the  analyses  of  dust,  solutions  and  materials,  use  was  made 
of  the  many  accurate  methods  described  in  the  textbooks  on  ehem- 
istry,  those  in  Prescott  and  Johnson  being  given  preference. 

Toxicology. 

Blyth,  an  eminent  English  authority,  in  an  early  edition  of  his 
work  on  poisons,  states  that  "  arsenic  causes  so  many  deaths  both 
in  man  and  cattle,  that  it  comes  under  the  notice  of  the  chemist 
more  frequently  than  any  other  poison." 

In  the  list  of  industrial  poisons  prepared  by  a  Committee  for 
the  International  Association  for  Labor  Legislation  the  following 
preparations  of  arsenic  are  found: 

Arsenic,  white  arsenic,  arsenious  acid. 

Arsenic  acid.     Arseniuretted  hydrogen. 

Orpiment.    Realgar  or  Ruby  sulphur. 

Cochineal  or  Vienna  Red. 

Aceto-arsenite  of  copper  ( Schweinf urt,  Vienna,  or  Emerald 
green). 

Arsenite  of  copper  (Scheele's  green  or  Paris  green). 

Of  these,  white  arsenic  and  arseniuretted  hydrogen  are  ex- 
tremely dangerous.  Small  doses,  as  2  or  3  grains  of  the  white 
arsenic,  being  oftentimes  fatal. 

Absorption  of  the  poison  into  the  system  may  occur  in  one  of 
the  following  ways: 

Through  the  alimentary  canal  (stomach  and  intestines). 

Through  the  respiratory  tract  (lungs,  etc.). 

Through  the  mucous  membranes  of  the  nose  and  throat. 

Through  the  skin. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1143 

In  considering  arsenic  poisoning  generally,  we  may  do  so  under 
three  forms :  Acute,  chronic,  and  a  form  limited  to  purely  local 
lesions. 

In  acute  arsenical  poisoning,  such  as  results  from  accident, 
suicide,  or  homicide,  the  arsenic  enters  the  system  through  the 
alimentary  tract,  but  in  cases  of  industrial  poisoning  this  occurs 
only  where  the  workers  take  their  meals  into  workrooms  contain- 
ing quantities  of  arsenic,  especially  in  the  form  of  dust,  or  fail  to 
wash  their  hands  and  face  properly,  either  before  eating,  or  upon 
completing  the  day's  work  and  leaving  for  home. 

In  acute  poisoning  the  following  symptoms  usually  occur  within 
a  short  time  after  exposure : 

Intense  epigastric  pain,  a  metallic  taste  in  the  mouth,  and,  at 
times,  salivation.  There  is  intense  thirst,  colic,  diarrhoea,  and 
suppression  of  urine,  or  bloody  urine.  The  heart  action  is  feeble, 
and  there  may  be  palpitation.  There  may  be  cough  and  oppressed 
breathing,  oedema  (swelling)  of  the  eyelids  or  general  oedema. 
Some  cases  exhibit  no  gastro-intestinal  symptoms,  but  suffer  a 
sudden  collapse,  passing  into  a  coma  resembling  a  narcotic  poison- 
ing, or  exhibit  symptoms  resembling  cholera. 

Arsenic  may  be  gradually  absorbed  into  the  system  in  very 
small  quantities  covering  a  long  space  of  time,  and  i-  capable  of 
being  stored  in  the  body,  especially  in  the  tissues  of  the  brain, 
spinal  cord  and  the  liver,  resulting  in  chronic  arsenic  poisoning, 
the  poison  as  a  rule  entering  the  system  through  the  respiratory 
tract  and  mucous  membranes  as  a  result  of  exposure  to  arsenic 
dust  or  fumes. 

The  usual  symptoms  of  chronic  arsenic  poisoning  are  debility, 
anaemia,  and  urticaria  (skin  rash).  There  may  be  diarrhoea,  or 
a  mucous,  discharge  from  the  bowels  which  is  considered  by  Dr. 
Lloyd  as  a  significant  sign'.  There  may  be  redness  or  even  bleed- 
ing from  the  gum-.  Multiple  neuritis  and  paralysis  may  often 
develop  as  a  later  result,  resembling  to  a  great  extent  the  results 
of  lead  poisoning.  Where  the  individual  is  exposed  to  the  effects 
of  both  lend  and  arsenic  there  is  liability  of  a  wrong  diagnosis. 
The  following  are  points  for  differential  diagnosis: 

I. end.  Paralysis  confined  to  the  extensor  muscle-  <>f  the  wrist 
and  first  phalanges.  Pure  motor  paralysis  is  seldom  present. 
Sensory  disturbances  are  slight  or  usually  absent. 


1144        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Ajrsenic  Poisoning. 

Arsenic.  Paralysis  may  attack  wrist,  more  often  involves  the 
corresponding  muscular  groups  of  the  lower  extremities.,  and  often 
involves  the  muscles  of  the  thigh  and  upper  arm.  Pure  motor 
paralysis  is  always  present.  Sensory  disturbances  are  marked. 
Rapid  wasting  occurs  and  the  atrophied  muscles  present  the  reac- 
tion of  degeneration.  At  times  the  extensor  and  peroneal  muscles 
are  involved  causing  a  gait  termed  by  Dr.  Butler,  "  the  steppage 
gait,"  In  arsenical  poisoning  there  is  oftentimes  a  fine  tremor 
present  resembling  that  caused  by  lead,  mercury  and  alcohol.  The 
local  form  results  as  a  rule  from  the  action  of  dust  containing 
arsenic  upon  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes.  In  the  presence 
of  moisture  the  arsenical  compounds  are  very  irritating  and  pos- 
sess caustic  properties.  The  points  of  attack  are  usually  the 
hands,  forehead,  neck  and  genitals,  parts  of  the  body  usually  moist 
from  perspiration. 

The  lesions  usually  appear  with  greatest  severity  upon  the 
hands,  as  those  members  are  constantly  wet  from  contact  with 
solutions,  and  come  in  closer  contact  with  the  toxic  material 
through  continual  handling. 

In  the  nose  the  mucous  membrane  becomes  highly  inflamed-, 
there  is  excessive  coryza.  In  serious  cases  there  is  a  perforation  of 
the  septum  (the  cartilage  partition  between  the  nostrils),  and 
termed  rhinitis  perforans. 

The  local  lesion  may  first  appear  as  a  slight  eczema,  the  erup- 
tion soon  becoming  pustular,  and  if  neglected  are  very  apt  to 
develop  into  painful  ulcers. 

Many  dermatologists  (Kirchgasser,  Lepine,  Beaugrand)  have 
described  a  brown  pigmentation  of  the  skin  as  typical  of  arsenic 
poisoning.  Sir  Thomas  Oliver  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that 
arsenic  has  the  effect  in  some  people  of  predisposing  to  cancer. 
Hutchinson  believes  that  its  absorption  in  the  system  over  a  long 
period  may  cause  epithelioma. 

Arsenic  is  eliminated  rapidly  through  the  kidneys  and  the  skin, 
but  is  attended  with  marked  irritation,  as  is  manifested  by  nephri- 
tis (kidney  disease)  and  skin  eruptions. 

It  has  been  demonstrated  by  Prof.  Brouardel  that  the  milk 
of  nursing  mothers  will  absorb  arsenic  that  may  be  in  the  system, 
and  that  it  may  take  as  long  as  forty  days  to  eliminate  one  dose. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning.        1145 

Prof.  White  states  that  arsenic  passes  from  the  mother  to  the 
foetus.  This  would  indicate  that  a  grave  danger  exists  both  to 
mother  and  child  in  exposing  women  to  the  effect  of  arsenic. 

At  the  International  Congress  of  Hygiene  held  in  Paris  in 
1880,  a  report  on  arsenic  poisoning  in  the  trades  was  presented 
by  Gubler  and  ISTapias.  In  the  report  was  a  tabulation  of  indus- 
tries using  arsenic  in  some  form,  and  are  as  follows : 

Workers  on  lead  frames. 

Workers  on  colored  paper. 

Color  grinders. 

Foundry  workers. 

Wire  drawers. 

Printers. 

Paper  glazers. 

Paper  cutters. 

Makers  of  velvet. 

Cloth  dressers. 

Dyers. 

Cloth  printers. 

Painters  (outdoor). 

Color  makers. 

Painters  and  decorators. 

Artificial  flower  makers. 

Artificial  foliage  makers. 

Makers  of  green  lamp  shades. 

Leather  curriers. 

Dressmakers. 

Aniline  workers. 

Smelters  of  mineral  arsenic. 

Makers  of  arsenious  acid. 

In  1892  Dr.  Layet  of  Paris  prepared  the  following  table  of  27 
trades  or  professions  wherein  the  workers  were  exposed  to  the 
danger  of  arsenic  poisoning: 

Workers  employed  in  the  preparation  of  arsenic  and  arsenious 
acid. 

Workers  employed  in  the  smelting  of  tin  and  pewter. 

Workers  employed  in  the  smelting  of  cobalt. 


1146        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Founders'  of  copper. 
Founders  of  zinc. 
Workers  in  the  aniline  industry. 

Manufacture  of  iron  sulphate  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid 
on  old  iron. 
Chemists. 

Arsenical  color  works. 
Manufacture  of  colored  paper. 
Manufacture  of  artificial  leaves  and  foliage. 
Aeronauts. 

Inflaters  of  toy  balloons. 
Bronzers  of  metal. 
Manufacture  of  vault  lights  (glass). 
Colorers  and  curriers  of  leather. 
Tinters  and  dressers  of  cloth. 
Tanners. 
Taxidermists. 

Manufacture  of  artificial  stones. 
Jewellers. 

Manufacture  of  glass  and  crystal. 
Drawing  of  zinc  wire. 
Hatters. 

Manufacture  of  colored  crayons. 
Manufacture  of  artificial  soda  (salt  wort). 
Manufacture  of  glucose. 

Reference  to  the  numerous  works  on  industrial  diseases,  indus- 
trial hygiene,  forensic  (legal)  medicine,  and  chemistry,  shows  the 
following  occupations  listed  under  those  wherein  there  is  danger 
to  the  worker  from  arsenic  poisoning: 

Furriers. 

Manufacture  of  candles  and  wax  ornaments. 

Manufacture  of  japanned  goods. 

Manufacture  of  carpets. 

Fancy  bookbinding. 

Preservation  of  wood. 

Manufacture  of  gloves. 

Manufacture  of  sheep  dip. 

Electroplating. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1147 

Lithographing  and  bronzing. 
Manufacture  of  artificial  leather. 
Manufacture  of  oilcloth  and  linoleum. 
Manufacture  of  cut  glass. 
Manufacture  of  hat  linings. 
Manufacture  of  beer. 
Soaking  of  silk  cocoon. 
Enamelling. 

This  presents  rather  a  large  list  of  occupations  and  would 
seem  to  confirm  the  statement  of  Blyth's.  Notwithstanding  the 
danger  from  arsenic  poisoning  in  the  industries,  the  literature 
on  the  subject  is  rather  meagre,  and  the  special  investigations 
undertaken  are  rather  disappointing  in  their  reports.  A  splendid 
report  is  that  of  the  Commission  appointed  by  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Industries  of  France,  but  it  is  over  twenty 
years  since  they  completed  their  labors. 

Processes  of  manufacture  have,  since  then,  undergone  succes- 
sive changes,  due  to  improvement  in  machinery,  and  the  advance- 
ment made  in  the  science  of  industrial  chemistry,  whereby 
harmless  substitutes  have  replaced  the  arsenic  preparations. 

In  the  report  of  Dr.  Legge  (H.  M.  Medical  Inspector  of  Fac- 
tories in  Great  Britian)  for  1900,  there  are  reported  seven  cases 
of  poisoning  in  color  works,  and  thirteen  cases  from  arseniuretted 
hydrogen,  while  in  his  report  for  1910,  there  are  only  reported 
two  cases  in  color  works,  and  two  cases  in  arsenic  refining. 

During  the  first  year  of  reporting  in  this  State  there  were 
reported  two  cases  in  color  workers,  one  case  in  paint  works,  and 
one  case  in  a  tanner. 

This  would  indicate  that  the  danger  is  limited  to  a  very  few 
industries,  but  in  order  to  secure  confirmatory  proof,  an  endeavor 
was  made  to  get  at  least  some  information  in  regards  to  the  occu- 
pations mentioned  in  the  foregoing  tables. 

The  folowing  cases  of  arsenic  poisoning  cited  by  various  observ- 
ers are  of  interest,  and  emphasizes  the  need  for  intensive  investi- 
gations of  industries  for  the  purpose  of  discovering  the  use  of 
poisonous  materials: 

Blyth  reports  a  case  of  poisoning  from  inhaling  the  fumes  from 
arsenical  candles. 


1148        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Sajou  cites  (from  the  N.  Y.  Medical  Record,  March  30,  1889) 
cases  of  arsenical  poisoning  in  children  attending  a  Christinas 
party.  The  symptoms  were  finally  traced  to  the  burning  of  can- 
dles containing  Scheele's  green. 

Inquiries  were  pursued  into  this  subject,  and  it  was  ascertained 
that  arsenic  was  not  used  in  candles,  the  aniline  colors  and 
chromes  (lead)  being  used.  Some  colored  candles  were  secured 
and  analyzed,  but  no  arsenic  was  found. 

Hehne  reports  the  occurrence  of  arsenic  poisoning  among  a 
number  of  workers  in  an  English  brewery,  and  the  symptoms  were 
traced  to  the  use  of  glucose  made  with  contaminated  sulphuric 
acid.  Dr.  Reynolds  of  Manchester  found  as  high  as  2.6%  of 
arsenic  in  the  acid,  and  as  high  as  four  grains  per  pound  in  the 
glucose.  Analyses  of  the  beer  showed  a  large  percentage  of 
arsenic,  and  it  estimated  that  6,000  persons  suffered  poisoning, 
70  with  fatal  results.  It  was  also  found  that  the  malt  dried  in 
English  malt  kilns  was  contaminated  with  arsenic,  resulting  from 
the  use  of  coal.  It  is  asserted  that  all  coal  contains  pyrites, 
and  this  mineral  is  again  contaminated  with  arsenic.  Glucose, 
it  must  be  remembered,  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  large 
number  of  food  products. 

During  our  investigation  we  were  unfortunately  unable  to 
study  this  subject. 

Dr.  Legge  reports  the  following  cases: 

A  worker  engaged  in  putting  copper  tubes  in  a  muffle  furnace. 

A  case  of  arseniuretted  hydrogen  occurring  in  a  worker  em- 
ployed at  galvanizing  iron. 

A  number  of  cases  in  chemical  works. 

Several  cases  in  a  copper  recovering  plant.    • 

A  case  of  a  mixer  of  dehairing  solution  in  a  tannery. 

The  following  extract  is  from  an  article  by  Murrell  and  Hale, 
British  Medical  Journal,  July  11,  1896: 

A  preliminary  report  as  to  the  presence  of  arsenic  in  cigarette 
wrappers:  Out  of  seventeen  series  of  different  kinds  of 
cigarettes  and  tobacco,  arsenic  was  present  in  the  labels  of  six, 
or  more  than  a  third.  The  arsenic  in  these  cases  was  present  in 
such  large  quantities  that  no  difficulty  was  experienced  in  dem- 
onstrating the  fact.     Suggestion  that,  as  the  inhalation  of  arseni- 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1149 

ous  acid,  even  in  minute  quantities  for  a  considerable  time  pro- 
duces cough,  haemoptysis,  expectoration  and  loss  of  riesh,  which 
are  readily  mistaken  for  phthisis,  the  advantage  of  accurate 
knowledge  concerning  this  subject  is  most  apparent. 

The  cigarette  paper  of  six  brands  manufactured  in  this  State 
were  analyzed  and  no  arsenic  found,  but  this  investigation  was 
not  sufficiently  extensive  to  render  a  definite  decision. 

Murrell  states  that  arsenic  is  used  in  the  binding  of  books,  and 
that  the  dust  which  collects  on  the  top  of  bookcases  in  libraries 
contains  considerable  quantities  of  arsenic. 

Inquiries  among  bookbinders  failed  to  confirm  this  statement, 
and  analyses  of  a  number  of  samples  of  dust  taken  from  the  books 
and  bookcases  in  the  chemical  library  of  the  University  of  Koch- 
ester  failed  to  show  any  arsenic  present. 

Industries. 

In  pursuing  the  investigation,  the  industries  were  grouped 
under  the  following  headings : 

Industries  wherein  arsenic  or  compounds  of  arsenic  are 
manufactured. 

Industries  wherein  arsenic  or  preparations  or  arsenic  are  used 
in  the  process  of  manufacturing  processes. 

Industries  wherein  materials  liable  to  be  contaminated  with 
arsenic  are  manufactured  or  used. 

In  many  of  the  industries  visited  both  lead  and  arsenic  were 
reputed  to  be  used,  therefore  the  description  of  the  plant  has  been 
incorporated  in  the  report  on  lead  poisoning. 

There  are  a  number  of  industries  wherein  arsenic  is  used, 
which  are  located  in  Greater  New  York,  the  same  type  of  indus- 
try not  being  found  in  any  other  portion  of  the  State,  so  that, 
while  not  included  in  the  investigation,  still  it  is  deemed  advisa- 
ble to  make  some  reference  to  them. 

The  following  are  industries  visited  wherein  it  is  reputed  that 
arsenic  poisoning  may  occur : 

Industries    Wherein    Arsenic    and    Its    Compounds    are    Manu- 
factured. 
The  mining  or  extraction  of  arsenic  is  not  carried  on  in  this 
State,  and  the  conclusions  of  the  French  Commission  on  Indus- 

48 


1150        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

trial  Poisons  were,  that  poisoning  among  workers  engaged  in 
handling  minerals  containing  arsenic,  or  engaged  in  extracting 
it,  were  rare.  I  was  informed  by  the  former  manager  of  a  large 
lead  mine  in  the  West,  that  a  number  of  cases  of  mixed  poisoning 
(lead  and  arsenic)  occurring  among  the  miners  had  come  under 
the  observation  of  the  company  doctor. 

Arsenic  Colors: 

There  is  but  one  plant  outside  of  Greater  ISTew  York  engaged 
in  this  process,  and  at  the  time  of  our  visit  no  work  was  being 
carried  on  in  this  portion  of  the  plant.  The  factory  is  a  small 
one  situated  in  a  small  village  near  the  river,  the  products  are 
paints,  vermin  exterminator  for  plants  and  arsenic  greens.  In 
the  vermin  exterminator,  two  per  cent  arsenious  acid  is  used. 

The  building  used  for  the  arsenic  color  is  about  fifty  feet 
square,  and  consists  of  two  .stories.  Five  males  are  employed. 
The  first  floor  is  devoted  to  manufacturing,  bolting  and  packing. 
~No  means  are  in  use  for  dust  extraction,  and  no  respirators  are 
furnished  or  worn.  The  second  floor  is  devoted  to  the  mixing 
mills  and  is  very  dusty.  ~No  provision  is  made  for  keeping  down 
the  dust-  or  exhausting  it,  ISTo  samples  were  taken  for  analyses 
as  the  arsenic  processes  were  not  in  operation. 

One  worker  was  examined,  he  had  been  employed  for  thirty- 
two  years  and  showed  no  symptoms,  and  gave  no  history  of  ever 
having  had  arsenic  poisoning. 

Workers  in  arsenic  color  are  extremely  liable  to  arsenic  poison- 
ing, exhibiting  itself  in  skin  eruptions,  especially  upon  the  hands, 
termed,  "  arsenic  pock,"  and  by  some  French  writers  as 
"  rossignol,"  or  "  Cholera  des  doigts."  During  visits  paid  to  the 
color  works  located  in  Greater  jSTew  York  the  cases  of  poisoning 
seen  by  me  showed  a  rash  on  both  the  hands  and  face.  The  irri- 
tant action  of  arsenic  dust  was  fully  demonstrated  in  the  case 
of  Inspector  Yogt  and  myself.  After  spending  several  days 
exposed  to  the  dust,  the  mucous  membranes  of  our  noses  were 
inflamed  for  some  time  afterwards.  An  analysis  of  air  from  one 
of  the  packing  rooms  showed  .303  Grams  of  paris  green  per  cubic 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning.         1151 

meter  of  air,  and  further  analyses  showed  that  of  this,  .093  Grains 
was  arsenic. 

Dr.  Collis  reports  the  finding  of  several  eases  of  perforation  of 
the  septum  of  the  nose,  this  I  have  not  seen,  and  Dr.  Legge  also 
reports  that  he  has  not  seen  such  cases. 

In  this  industry  the  danger  is  from  the  dust,  especially  in  the 
processes  of  drying,  bolting  and  packing. 

Aniline  Works: 

There  is  but  one  aniline  works  outside  of  Greater  New  York, 
and  is  situated  in  the  open  near  the  river.  Upon  inquiry  it  was 
ascertained  that  arsenic  had  not  been  used  for  many  years,  and 
both  the  manager  and  chief  chemist  rendered  every  assistance 
to  prove  the  truth  of  the  statement. 

By  some  writers  it  was  reputed  that  the  danger  existed  in  the 
preparation  of  rosaniline.     This  could  not  be  verified. 

Industries  Wherein  Arsenic  or  Preparations  of  Arsenic  are  Used. 
Colored  and  Glazed  Papers: 

Three  large  factories  of  this  industry  were  visited,  all  were 
located  in  the  open  country,  and,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  large 
space  for  drying  purposes,  the  air  space  in  proportion  to  the  num- 
ber of  workers  was  enormous. 

In  this  industry  the  danger  was  reputed  to  be  due  to  the  use 
of  arsenic  colors.  Samples  of  the  ingredients  used  were  obtained 
and  analyzed,  but  no  arsenic  was  found.  Xone  of  the  worker- 
examined  showed  any  symptoms,  and  no  histories  could  be 
obtained  of  any  illness  among  the  workers  resembling  arsenic 
poisoning.  The  superintendent  of  one  factory,  a  Frenchman  of 
many  years'  experience,  informed  me  that  many  year-  ago  arsenic 
poisoning  did  occur  among  the  workers  in  this  industry,  but  that 
within  the  last  fifteen  years  the  only  ingredients  used  are  aniline 
colors,  barium,  caseine  and  clay.  The  firm  very  kindly  permitted 
ns  to  examine  book  of  supplies  purchased,  and  this,  together  with 
the  result  of  our  analyses,  confirmed  the  fact  of  no  arsenic  being 
used. 


1152        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Paint  Works: 

Six  paint  factories  were  visited,  three  used  arsenic  colors  but 
to  a  limited  extent,  the  principal  output  being  lead  colors.  At 
the  time  of  the  visits  arsenic  was  not  being  used.  I^o  cases  of 
poisoning  were  found  among  the  workers,  and  all  information 
as  to  whether  there  had  ever  been  any  cases  was  negative. 

That  there  is  danger  cannot  be  doubted,  for  the  reports  of  other 
countries,  and  the  report  of  one  case  to  the  Department  demon- 
strates the  fact.  The  process  wherein  the  danger  lies  is  from  the 
dust  created  in  handling  the  dry  arsenic  color.  In  this  industry 
there  is  danger  of  mixed  poisoning,  and  the  industry  is  described 
at  greater  length  in  the  report  on  lead  poisoning. 

Rubber  Goods: 

Five  plants  were  visited  where  rubber  was  used,  in  but  one 
was  arsenic  used.  This  was  a  large  plant  situated  in  the  open 
country,  and  manufacturing  rubber  goods  exclusively.  Very 
small  quantities  of  arsenic  were  used,  and  that  at  great  intervals 
for  coloring  purposes.  At  the  time  of  our  visit  none  was  being 
used.  The  workers  liable  to  poisoning  were  those  engaged  in  com- 
pounding and  at  the  mixing  rolls,  !No  cases  of  poisoning  were 
found,  and  none  were  reported.  Samples  of  ingredients  being 
used  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  as  well  as  of  the  finished  product, 
were  secured  and  analyzed.  ISFo  arsenic  was  found.  A  further 
description  of  the  plant  is  included  in  the  lead  report. 

Manufacture  of  Glass: 

The  French  Commission  reports  that  in  the  manufacture  of 
glass,  upon  putting  the  mixture  in  the  furnace  a  portion  of  the 
arsenious  acid  volatilized,  and  its  odor  was  very  appreciable. 
They  cite  the  investigations  of  Boedker  de  Witten,  made  in  1862, 
which  showed  that  only  one-fifth  of  the  arsenic  remained  in  the 
mixture,  four-fifths  volatilizing,  with  the  result  that  the  fumes 
in  the  chimneys  contained  considerable  arsenic.  A  further 
analysis  of  the  fumes  showed  0.42 5p.  100  arsenious  acid.  The 
Commission  finds  that  the  danger  is  greater  from  the  dust. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.         115o 

Six  glass  factories  were  visited,  of  these,  two  used  arsenic  for 
the  purpose  of  producing  a  white  or  milky-colored  glass.  One 
factory  visited  is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  largest  glass  factories 
in  the  world.  At  this  plant  white  arsenic  is  used  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one-half  pound  of  arsenic  to  every  twelve  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  of  other  ingredients.  In  the  process  of  mixing  and 
of  placing  mixture  in  the  furnaces,  no  conditions  were  observed 
as  reported  by  the  French  Commission,  but  this  may  have  been 
due  to  the  result  of  modern  methods  in  use  at  the  plant. 

The  danger  exists  in  the  mixing  room,  due  to  the  handling  of 
the  dry  arsenic  which  is  shoveled  into  the  open  mixing  trough. 
The  amount  of  arsenic  placed  in  each  batch  is  very  small,  and 
the  total  amount  used  during  the  year  is  only  a  few  hundred 
pounds.  The  greatest  danger  is  from  lead  poisoning,  and  for 
that  reason  the  industry  is  considered  more  fully  in  the  report 
on  lead  poisoning. 

Analyses  of  samples  of  air  taken  during  mixing,  and  in  the 
furnace  rooms  failed  to  show  the  presence  of  arsenic. 

As  the  workers  who  are  directly  exposed  to  the  danger  of 
poisoning  were  foreigners  who  understood  very  little  English,  it 
was  difficult  to  obtain  much  information  as  to  illness.  None  of 
the  men  exhibited  any  symptoms  of  arsenic  poisoning,  and  it  was 
asserted  that  there  had  never  been  any  cases  previously. 

At  the  second  plant  visited,  no  mixing  was  being  done  at  the 
time  of-  our  visit,  and  it  was  stated  that  no  arsenic  glass  was 
being  worked  just  then. 

Samples  of  air  were  secured  from  the  furnace  room  and  the 
analyses  failed  to  show  any  arsenic  present.  ISTo  cases  of  arsenic 
poisoning  were  found,  and  none  were  reported. 

Electroplating : 

Five  plants  were  visited  where  electroplating  was  carried  on 
extensively.     It  was  ascertained  that  while  arsenic  was  formerly 
used  for  the  production  of  French  gray  (a  form  of  oxidizi 
bronzing  and  brass  plating,  but  at  present  it  was  not  used  owing 
to  improved  methods.     The  opinions  of  the  head  platers   inter- 


1154        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

viewed  were  all  to  the  effect  that  the  use  of  arsenic  was  unneces- 
sary, and  that  they  did  not  use  it. 

We  were  permitted  to  examine  the  list  of  supplies  purchased 
and  found  no  account  of  arsenic.  Analyses  of  the  solutions  in 
use  failed  to  show  the  presence  of  arsenic,  and  an  examination 
of  the  workers  failed  to  show  any  symptoms  of  poisoning.  ]STo 
cases  were  reported. 

In  two  of  the  plants  several  assistant  platers  were  questioned 
very  closely,  and  they  admitted  that  if  over  rushed  with  work 
requiring  brass  plating,  they  surreptitiously  used  small  quantities 
of  arsenic  which  they  purchased  themselves.  The  proportion  of 
arsenic  used  was  two  ounces  to  one  hundred  gallons  of  solution. 
The  largest  amount  ever  used  in  one  year  was  one  hundred  pounds. 
This  was  reported  by  a  very  large  concern  where  it  had  formerly 
been  used  in  the  production  of  grays. 

}\~all  Paper: 

Poisoning  from  wall  paper  has  been  the  subject  of  a  great 
many  writers  and  the  cases  cited  are  numerous.  In  the  past 
many  noted  investigators  have  proven  that  danger  did  exist. 

It  was  asserted  that  the  action  of  certain  moulds  upon  the 
arsenical  organic  matter  in  wall  paper  produced  a  volatile  oil 
which  rendered  poisoning  through  the  lungs  possible. 

One  wall  paper  factory  was  visited,  and  it  was  ascertained  that 
aniline  colors  alone  were  used,  arsenic  colors  having  been  dis- 
pensed with  as  a  result  of  the  many  cases  of  poisoning  reported 
and  its  effect  upon  the  sale  of  wall  paper.  Xo  cases  of  poisoning 
among  the  workers  were  reported.  Several  samples  of  wall  paper 
were  analyzed  but  no  arsenic  was  foimd. 

Hay  ward  and  Warner  report  that  of  537  samples  of  wall  paper 
examined,  75%  contained  more  than  0.1  grain  of  arsenic  per 
square  yard.  Two  of  the  samples  came  from  England.  Five 
samples  contained  less  than  0.1  grain.  Two  were  from  England, 
one  from  France  and  one  from  Germany.  Xinety  per  cent  of  the 
samples  contained  less  than  .016  grains  per  square  yard. 

Dr.  Legge  cites  a  case  of  poisoning  from  wall  paper.  An 
analysis  of  the  paper  showed  it  to  contain  '"'.001  of  a  milligram 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.         1155 

of  arsenic  per  gram  of  paper.     Clean  unused  white  foolscap  paper 
has  been  found  to  yield  a  very  higher  proportion  of  arsenic." 

This  tends  to  show  that  at  the  present  time,  very  little  danger 
from  poisoning  exists  in  the  wall  paper  industry. 

Japanning : 

This  is  a  variety  of  varnishing  used  on  leather,  but  mostly  for 
cheap  household  utensils. 

Three  large  plants  were  visited  where  japanning  was  carried 
on  extensively.  It  was  ascertained  that  at  one  time  the  arsenic 
colors  were  used  in  small  quantities  for  producing  delicate  opaque 
colors,  but  had  now  been  discarded.  Analyses  of  the  solutions 
used  showed  no  traces  of  arsenic,  and  no  cases  of  poisoning  among 
the  workers  could  be  found. 

Enamelled  Ware: 

One  large  plant  making  high  grade  enamelled  ware  for  house- 
hold purposes  was  visited.  Analyses  of  ingredients  used  showed 
no  arsenic  to  be  present. 

Dyeing,  etc.: 

Various  writers  have  reported  cases  of  poisoning  from  yarns 
and  cloth  goods  as  a  result  of  using  arsenic  as  a  mordant. 

In  a  case  of  reputed  poisoning  from  embroidery  yarn,  Dr. 
Legge  had  Dr.  Thorpe  analyze  several  shades  of  green  worsted 
used.  Dr.  Thorpe  reported  the  yarns  practically  free  from 
arsenic. 

Two  large  woolen  mills  were  visited,  and  the  head  dyers  stated 
that  arsenic  was  not  used.  Analyses  of  the  dyeing  solutions 
failed  to  show  arsenic  present. 

One  large  carpet  factory  was  visited.  It  was  stated  that  only 
aniline  colors  were  used,  and  that  they  used  no  preparation  of 
arsenic.     Analyses  of  solutions  used  failed  to  detect  any  arsenic. 

One  large  plant  was  visited  where  plush  and  upholstery  trim- 
mings were  manufactured.  It  was  claimed  only  aniline  colors 
were  used.     Xo  arsenic  was  found  in  the  dyes. 

In  none  of  these  industries  could  any  cases  of  arsenical  poison- 
ing be  found,  nor  has  any  ever  been  called  to  my  attention. 


1156        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

Artificial  Leather.     Oilcloth: 

One  large  plant  was  visited  where  artificial  leather  was  manu- 
factured. It  was  admitted  that  arsenic  colors  (greens)  were 
used,  but  in  small  quantities  and  at  great  intervals.  At  the  time 
of  our  visit  no  material  requiring  the  use  of  arsenic  was  being 
manufactured. 

The  danger  is  confined  to  the  color  mixing  room.  Here  the 
workers  handle  the  dry  colors  and  are  liable  to  poisoning  through 
inhalation  of  the  dust  created. 

No  cases  of  arsenic  poisoning  were  found  among  the  workers, 
and  there  was  no  history  of  any  poisoning  among  the  workers  at 
any  time. 

One  large  oilcloth  plant  was  visited.  The  manager  stated  that 
no  arsenic  colors  were  used.  No  cases  of  arsenic  poisoning  were 
found,  and  no  arsenic  was  found  in  the  colors  used. 

Artificial  Flowers  and  Foliage: 

The  danger  in  this  industry  was  reputed  to  be  from  the  use 
of  the  arsenic  greens  for  the  purpose  of  dyeing  and  dusting  the 
material. 

A  number  of  factories  were  visited.  It  was  stated  that  for 
many  years  past  nothing  but  aniline  colors  had  been  used.  A 
number  of  samples  were  secured,  which  upon  being  analyzed 
failed  to  show  any  traces  of  arsenic. 

Tanning  of  Leather: 

Dr.  James  G.  Parker,  an  English  authority  on  leather,  states 
that  in  the  process  of  tanning,  realgar  (arsenic  sulphide)  is  used 
for  the  purpose  of  depilation  (removing  of  hair  from  the  hide). 
The  realgar  is  slaked  with  the  lime,  and  is  used  in  the  production 
of  the  finer  light  leather,  such  as  glace  kid  and  glove  kid.  This 
method  produces  a  very  smooth  grain  (the  use  of  sodium  sulphide 
tends  to  make  the  grain  harsh  and  bold)  and  is,  therefore,  very 
suitable  for  the  purpose,  but  it  is  very  expensive. 

In  1895  "  Le  Comite  consultatif  d'hygiene  publique  de 
France  "  reported  that  the  solution  for  fine  leathers  contained  4 
to  10  Kilos  of  orpiment  to  400  Kilos  of  lime  and  20  Hectolitres 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1157 

of  water.  The  irritant  action  of  the  orpiment  resulted  in  "  le 
cholera  des  doigts  "  (a  skin  affection  of  the  fingers,  resulting  in 
painful  ulcers).  They  further  reported  that  there  was  danger 
in  the  handling  of  skins  preserved  by  means  of  a  solution  of 
arsenious  acid  and  sodium  carbonate,  these  skins  coming  prin- 
cipally from  Australia,  Tasmania,  iSTew  Zealand  and  the  Platte. 

Blyth  states  that  tanners  formerly  employed  a  mixture  of 
ninety  parts  orpiment  and  ten  of  quicklime,  under  the  name  of 
"  liusma,"  but  the  alkaline  sulphides  from  gas  works  have 
replaced  it. 

Three  large  tanneries  were  visited.  The  head  of  one  of  the 
plants,  a  tanner  of  many  years'  experience  and  an  authority  on 
tanning',  stated  that  for  a  great  many  years  past,  arsenic  had  not 
been  used,  as  lime  was  much  cheaper  for  the  purpose  of  dehair- 
ing;  besides,  improved  dehairing  machinery  had  rendered  the  use 
of  arsenic  unnecessary.  These  statements  were  confined  by  all 
the  tanners  visited.  Samples  of  the  solution  used  in  each  plant 
were  taken  and  analyzed.  The  results  of  the  analyses  showed  no 
arsenic  present. 

A  case  of  arsenic  poisoning  in  a  tanner  was  reported  from  a 
hospital  in  Greater  New  York,  but  upon  investigation  the  patient 
could  not  be  found,  and  the  tannery  where  he  worked  had  not 
been  given. 

Prom  the  results  of  our  investigation,  I  am  rather  of  the  opin- 
ion that  the  case  was  not  a  true  arsenic  poisoning. 

Taxidermy: 

This  art  is  limited  to  a  few  isolated  individuals,  and  to  the 
public  museums  of  natural  history,  or  in  connection  with  college 
or  university  museums.  While  the  workshops  of  taxidermists 
are  not  inspected  by  the  Department,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to 
include  the  subject  in  the  investigation. 

The  danger  in  taxidermy  is  from  the  use  of  white  arsenic.  This 
is  incorporated  in  the  preserving  soap,  and  consists  usually  of 
40%  white  arsenic.  The  white  arsenic  is  also  used  as  a  dusting 
powder  on  the  inside  of  the  specimen  before  stuffing. 


1158        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Montagu  Browne,  an  English  authority,  states  that  an  efficient 
substitute  may  be  used,  consisting  of  soap,  whiting,  chloride  of 
lime  and  musk. 

Mr.  Donovan,  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
informed  me  that  an  alum  mixture  may  be  used  in  place  of  the 
arsenic  powder.  He  stated  that  in  his  fifteen  years'  experience 
with  arsenic  he  had  never  been  poisoned,  nor  had  he  known  of 
any  cases,  though  in  the  hands  of  unskilled  workers  there  is  a 
danger. 

Several  taxidermists  were  visited  and  all  admitted  using 
arsenic,  but  denied  ever  having  been  poisoned.  No  cases  have 
so  far  been  brought  to  my  attention. 

Furriers: 

Haywood  and  Warner  report  having  examined  47  samples  of 
fur  to  be  used  as  articles  of  dress,  of  which  11  samples  contained 
from  20  to  1,700  times  as  much  arsenic  as  would  be  allowed  by 
the  Massachusetts  laws,  which  limits  the  amount  to  .10  grains 
per  square  yard  in  papers  and  woven  fabrics,  and  .01  grain  per 
square  yard  in  dress  goods  and  articles  of  dress.  It  is  presumed 
that  this  amount  is  added  during  the  process  of  preparing  the  fur. 

This  subject  was  investigated  shortly  before  undertaking  the 
present  investigation,  and  a  full  account  will  be  found  in  the 
report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor  for  the  year  1912.  The 
results  of  the  investigation  do  not  confirm  the  findings  of  Hay- 
ward  and  Warner,  as  no  arsenic  was  found  in  any  of  the  sam- 
ples analyzed. 

A  number  of  furriers  were  visited  during  the  course  of  the 
present  investigation  and  they  denied  using  any  arsenic,  stating 
that  it  was  liable  to  ruin  the  fur. 

No  cases  of  poisoning  were  found  among  the  fur  workers, 
nor  have  any  cases  been  brought  to  my  notice. 

Bronzing  and  Lithographing : 

Dr.  Collis,  in  a  special  report  on  bronzing,  states  that  "  bronz- 
ing powders  consist  of  copper,  zinc  and  aluminum,  with  small 
and  negligible  traces  of  tin,  lead,  arsenic  and  iron.     Of  ten  sam- 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1159 

pies  of  gold  and  bronze  powder  analyzed  six  contained  slight 
traces  of  arsenic.  Three  silver  and  aluminum  powders  contained 
no  arsenic,  and  six  colored  powders  contained  no  arsenic,  but  did 
contain  coal  tar  dyes.  The  analyses  were  made  by  Dr.  Thorpe 
and  Mr.  Hooper  of  the  Government  Laboratory. 

The  question  of  arsenic  poisoning  is  not  discussed  in  the  report, 
and  the  conclusions  would  seem  to  indicate  that  danger  from 
arsenic  poisoning  does  not  exist. 

Two  large  plants  were  visited  and  the  bronzing  departments 
carefully  investigated.  Xo  oases  of  arsenic  poisoning  were  found, 
and  none  were  known  of.  Analyses  made  of  a  number  of  samples 
of  bronzing  powder  failed  to  show  the  slightest  trace  of  arsenic 
present. 

Lithographing : 

The  danger  in  this  process  is  reputed  to  result  from  the  use  of 
arsenic  colors. 

Two  large  plants  were  visited,  no  symptoms  of  arsenic  poison- 
ing were  found  among  the  workers,  and  analyses  of  the  colors  used 
failed  to  show  the  presence  of  arsenic. 

In  one  plant  a  sample  of  the  water  in  which  the  color  mixer  had 
washed  his  hands,  after  the  morning's  work,  was  carefully  analyzed 
for  traces  of  arsenic,  but  none  was  found. 

These  results  tend  to  confirm  the  findings  of  the  British  in- 
vestigation as  to  the  absence  of  danger  from  arsenic  poisoning  in 
the  processes  of  bronzing  and  lithographing. 

Colored  Crayons: 

jSTo  factories  were  visited  where  crayons  were  made,  but  it  was 
ascertained  through  inquiries  that  aniline  colors  alone  were  used. 
A  number  of  colored  crayons  were  secured  and  analyzed.  In  none 
of  them  was  the  slightest  trace  of  arsenic  found. 

Industries  Wherein  Materials  Liable  to  be  Contaminated 
With  Arsenic  are  Manufactured  or  Used. 

Chemical  Works: 

In  this  industry  Dr.  Legge  reports  a  number  of  cases  poisoned 
through  arseniuretted  hydrogen  gas,  and  attributes  it  to  the  use 
of  impure  acids.     Several  of  the  eases  were  fatal. 


1160        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesexic  Poisoning. 

Visits  were  made  to  two  chemical  plants  but  little  information 
could  be  obtained.  It  was  denied  that  any  cases  of  poisoning  bad 
occurred,  and  it  was  impossible  to  obtain  any  samples  for  analyses. 

One  plant  manufacturing  sulphuric  acid  was  visited.  At  the 
time  of  the  visit  there  was  a  leak  in  one  of  the  pipes  leading  from 
the  still,  so  the  air  was  heavily  charged  with  acid  fumes.  Analyses 
failed  to  show  any  arsenic  present,  and  no  cases  of  poisoning 
could  be  found,  inquiries  failed  to  show  that  the  workers  had  ever 
shown  any  symptoms  attributable  to  arsenic. 

Copper  and  Brass  Foundries: 

In  these  industries  the  danger  is  attributed  to  the  presence  of 
arsenic  in  the  copper  used.  During  the  process  of  melting  the 
copper,  fumes  of  arseniuretted  hydrogen  are  generated.  The 
workers  most  exposed  to  this  danger  are  the  casters  or  furnace 
tenders. 

Three  large  copper  plants  and  six  plants  with  brass  foundries 
were  visited.  Careful  examination  failed  to  show  that  any  of  the 
workers  had  suffered  from  arsenic  poisoning.  Samples  were 
secured  during  the  time  of  pouring  off,  and  also  from  the  fumes 
in  the  pots,  but  no  traces  of  arsenic  were  discovered.  This  does 
not,  however,  prove  that  there  is  no  danger,  and  in  my  opinion  a 
much  more  intensive  and  wider  investigation  should  be  under- 
taken before  rendering  any  decision. 

Galvanizing : 

In  this  industry  the  danger  is  attributed  to  the  fumes  of 
arseniuretted  hydrogen  due  to  the  use  of  impure  acid  and  zinc. 

Four  plants  were  visited.  Analyses  of  the  fumes  from  the  gal- 
vanizing pots  showed  no  arsenic  present.  Analyses  of  the  hydro- 
chloric acid  used  also  failed  to  show  any  arsenic  impurity  present. 

The  majority  of  the  help  were  all  foreigners  who  understood 
very  little  English,  and  were  not  long  at  the  work.  Thus  it  was 
impossible  to  secure  any  -definite  information  as  to  poisoning. 
While  the  results  of  our  investigation  would  seem  to  indicate  that 
no  danger  from  arsenic  poisoning  exists,  it  is  not  conclusive,  as  at 
some  time  or  other,  despite  all  precautions,  an  impure  acid  might 
be  used  with  fatal  results. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1161 

Conclusions. 

The  results  of  the  investigation  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

Arsenic  and  its  compounds  are  powerful  poisons,  and  their  use 
in  the  industries  is  attended  with  danger  to  the  health  of  workers 
exposed  to  them. 

Poisoning  may  occur  accidently  through  the  use  of  material 
which,  unknown  to  the  worker,  contains  arsenic  as  an  impurity. 

Poisoning  may  occur  through  the  handling  of  or  exposure  to 
the  dust  of  arsenic  or  its  compounds. 

The  form  of  poisoning  most  seen  is  that  limited  to  local  lesions 
of  the  exposed  portions  of  the  body  (hands  and  face),  and  to  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose. 

The  greatest  danger  exists  in  industries  devoted  to  the  manu- 
facture of  Paris  green  and  Vienna  green. 

Danger  exists  in  the  following  industries:  Paint  works;  plant 
vermim  exterminator ;  glass  works,  other  than  bottle  and  window 
glass;  artificial  leather  and  oilcloth;  electroplating;  taxidermy; 
rubber  goods,  other  than  for  insulating  purposes. 

In  a  number  of  industries  there  is  danger  of  a  mixed  poisoning, 
which  is  liable  to  render  a  proper  diagnosis  difficult. 

The  majority  of  the  workers  are  unaware  of  the  poisonous 
nature  of  the  material  handled,  and  where  precautions  are  taken 
it  is  only  because  lead  compounds  are  also  used. 

The  danger  can  be  minimized  by  the  removal  of  the  dust  or 
fumes  at  the  point  of  origin  and  in  a  direction  away  from  the 
worker. 

The  danger  may  be  obviated  by  the  industry  furnishing  ade- 
quate facilities  for  cleanliness,  and  by  the  workers  making  use  of 
the  facilities  and  observing  proper  rules  for  personal  hygiene. 

A  periodical  physical  examination  should  be  made  of  workers 
employed  in  handling  arsenic  or  its  compounds. 

Recommendations. 

The  prophylaxis  of  arsenic  poisoning  rests  as  much  with  the 
worker  as  with  the  proprietors  of  the  industry. 

Tn  all  factories  where  arsenic  is  used,  or  where  there  is  danger 
of  accidental  poisoning,  there  should  be  kept  on  hand,  and  in  an 


1162        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  a.\d  Aesexic  Poisoning. 

accessible  place,  the  ingredients  for  freshly  preparing  the  arsenic 
antidote,  ferric  hydroxide. 

General  Regulations  for  Employers   where  Arsenic  or  its  Com- 
pounds are  Used: 

Xo  female  or  male  minor  under  18  years  of  age  shall  be  em- 
ployed in  handling  arsenic  and  its  compounds,  or  in  any  occupa- 
tion where  they  may  be  exposed  to  dust,  fumes  or  vapors  contain- 
ing arsenic  or  its  compounds. 

There  shall  be  provided  proper  washing  facilities  with  a  suffi- 
cient supply  of  hot  and  cold  water,  soap,  nail  brushes  and  towels 
(individual). 

Where  dust  is  created,  as  in  the  processes  of  dusting,  grinding, 
sieving,  mixing  or  brushing,  respirators,  overalls  and  head  cover- 
ings shall  be  provided,  and  kept  in  a  cleanly  condition.  It  shall 
be  incumbent  upon  the  proprietor  to  see  that  they  are  used. 

Where  dust,  fumes,  gases  or  vapors  are  generated  as  a  result  of 
handling  material,  or  during  the  process  of  manufacture,  means 
shall  be  supplied  to  remove  same  completely  at  the  point  of  origin, 
and  in  a  direction  away  from  the  worker. 

Xo  article  of  food  or  drink  shall  be  permitted  to  be  brought  into 
any  room  where  arsenic  or  its  compounds  are  used,  and  no  worker 
shall  be  permitted  to  partake  of  any  food  or  drink  in  such  room. 

Xo  worker  shall  be  employed  without  a  certificate  from  a  phy- 
sician as  to  physical  fitness,  and  the  worker  shall  be  examined  at 
least  once  in  six  months. 

Xo  worker  who  has  been  absent  through  illness  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  return  to  work  without  a  physician's  certificate  to  the 
effect  that  he  is  physically  fit. 

If  a  worker  who  has  been  in  contact  with  arsenic  complains  of 
feeling  ill,  the  employer  shall  have  him  examined  by  a  physician, 
to  determine  if  there  is  poisoning. 

The  use  of  smoking  or  chewing  tobacco  during  the  hours  of 
labor  shall  be  prohibited. 

A  place  free  from  dust  shall  be  provided  for  the  purpose  of  the 
worker  keeping  such  clothes  as  are  not  required  during  his  work. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1163 

Regulations  for  Employees: 

Workers  should  make  use  of  the  washing  facilities  and  wash  up 
thoroughly  before  eating  any  meals,  or  before  leaving  for  home. 

ISTo  food  or  drink  should  be  brought  into  any  room  where  arsenic 
or  its  compounds  are  used,  and  no  food  should  be  eaten  there. 
Tobacco  should  not  be  used  in  any  form  Avhile  at  work. 

Kespirators,  overalls  and  head  coverings  should  be  worn  while 
at  work,  and  discarded  before  eating  meals  or  leaving  for  home. 

ISTo  worker  shall  interfere  with  the  means  provided  for  ventila- 
tion, or  the  removal  of  dust,  fumes,  gases  or  vapors. 

If  ill,  report  at  once  to  the  person  in  charge  for  examination  by 
the  firm's  physician. 

Regulations  where  Arsenic  Impurities  may  Exist: 

Where  acids,  which  may  contain  arsenic  impurities,  are  used  in 
large  quantities,  the  acid  shall  be  tested  before  use,  and  if  found 
to  contain  impurities,  the  workers  shall  be  warned,  and  provisions 
made  to  safeguard  them. 

In  chemical  works  where  workers  are  required  to  enter  tanks, 
chambers,  or  confined  spaces,  containing  ingredients  liable  to  con- 
tain arsenic  impurities,  provisions  shall  be  made  for  thoroughly 
ventilating  such  places,  and  for  analyzing  contents,  and  the  worker 
shall  not  enter  such  tank,  chamber,  or  confined  space,  unless  no 
danger  exists. 

Where  fumes  liable  to  contain  arsenic  (through  impurities  of 
materials  used)  exist,  mechanical  means  for  general  ventilation 
shall  be  installed,  and  means  shall  be  provided  for  removing  the 
fumes  at  point  of  origin. 

Regulations  for  Color  Works: 

ISTo  compounds  of  arsenic  shall  be  ground,  sieved,  mixed,  or 
handled,  except  by  means  of,  or  in  an  apparatus  completely  en- 
closed so  as  to  prevent  the  escape  of  dust,  or  where  an  efficient  ex- 
haust system  is  installed  to  remove  the  dust  entirely  at  the  point 
of  origin. 

Overalls,  head  coverings  and  respirators  shall  lie  furnished  for 
all  workers,  and  shal1  be  washed  or  renewed  once  a  week. 


1164        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

A  room,  dry  and  free  from  dust,  shall  be  provided  where  the 
worker  may  leave  such  clothing  as  is  not  worn  during  his  hours  of 
work.  A  separate  room  shall  be  provided  for  keeping  overalls, 
head  coverings  and  respirators  in. 

Adequate  washing  facilities  shall  be  provided,  consisting  of  a 
sufficient  supply  of  hot  and  cold  water,  soap,  and  individual  towels 
and  nail  brushes. 

~No  food  or  drink  shall  be  permitted  to  be  brought  in  to  any 
portion  of  the  factory  excepting  in  such  room  as  shall  be  set  aside 
for  that  special  purpose.  ISTo  food  or  drink,  or  the  use  of  tobacco 
in  any  form,  shall  be  permitted  in  any  portion  of  the  factory  ex- 
cepting the  lunch  room. 

Every  factory  shall  employ  a  physician  who  shall  examine  all 
applicants  for  work,  and  re-examine  all  workers  at  least  once  every 
three  months,  suspending  any  worker  showing  symptoms  of 
poisoning. 

If  absent  through  illness,  no  worker  shall  be  re-employed  with- 
out a  physical  examination  by  the  physician. 

All  physical  examinations  and  cases  of  illness  shall  be  recorded 
in  a  special  book  for  that  purpose,  the  same  to  be  accessible  for 
inspection  by  the  Labor  Department. 

A  suitable  room  entirely  separate  from  rooms  where  processes 
of  manufacture  are  carried  on,  shall  be  set  aside  as  a  lunch  room, 
and  no  worker  shall  be  permitted  the  use  of  such  room  until  after 
removing  and  leaving  outside,  overalls,  head  coverings  and  respira- 
tors, and  has  thoroughly  washed  up. 

Regulations  for  Employees: 

All  workers  upon  feeling  ill  should  report  at  once  to  the  attend- 
ing physician. 

All  workers  should  observe  the  rules  of  personal  hygiene,  as 
cleanliness  is  the  best  antidote,  therefore,  use  should  be  made  of 
the  facilities  provided  for  cleanliness.  No  meals  should  be  par- 
taken of  before  removing  work  clothes  and  thoroughly  washing  up. 

ISTo  food  or  drink  should  be  brought  into,  or  partaken  of,  in  any 
room  of  the  factory  excepting  the  lunch  room.  Tobacco  should 
not  be  used  in  any  form  during  working  hours. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1165 

Workers  should  wear  the  overalls,  head  coverings  and  respira- 
tors provided,  removing  same,  and  depositing  them  in  the  place 
provided,  before  washing  up,  entering  the  lunch  room,  partaking 
of  food,  or  leaving  for  home. 

jSTo  apparatus  or  means  for  removing  dust  should  be  interfered 
with  or  rendered  ineffective. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  stated,  that  while  the  history  of  poison- 
ing from  arsenic  would  seem  to  indicate  a  condition  of  remarkable 
safeness  in  the  industries,  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  indus- 
tries wherein  the  greatest  danger  lies  have  not  been  included  in  the 
investigation. 

I  would  recommend  that  provision  be  made  for  a  further  inten- 
sive investigation  into  arsenical  poisoning. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

C.  T.  GRAHAM-ROGERS, 

Medical  Inspector  of  Factories. 


49 


1166  Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

FACTORIES  VISITED  WHER 


Lndustby. 


Employees. 


Male 


I    Fe-I 
male 


Portion  of  plant 
visited. 


Material  used. 


Ventilation.  M 


Reduction  of  metals  . 


Special  alloys 

Plumbers'  supplies. . . 

Pipe  drawing 


Solder    and    Babbitt 
metal. 


Plumbers'  supplies. . . 


Carborundum . 
Firearms 


9      Firearms . 


Cutlery. 


Files  and  rasps 

Brass  goods 


Valves  and  hydrants. 

Harness  hardware .  .  . 
Brass  and  copper. .  .  . 


Stamped  ware 

Automatic  fire  sprink 

ler. 
Tin  cans 

Tin  cans 


40 
10 


90 


3 
5 

40 

5 

2 

30 


Melting  room 

Pipe  and  solder  room. 


Pipe  room . 


0     i   Solder  casting  room. . 


0         Lead  pipe  room  . 


year. 

Metallic  lead,  50  tons  a 

year. 
Metallic  lead,  amount 

not  given. 


Metallic  lead,  4-5  tons  a 
day. 


Metallic  lead,  20  tons  a 
year. 


Metallic  lead,  2  tons  a 
day. 


14        0     |  Meltingj-oom Metallic  lead,  30  tons  aj  Natural  _£  doors     ai 

windows;  _met 
pots  hooded.     .    . 

Natural  doois  ai 
wndows. 

Natural  doors  ai 
windows;  2  lea 
and  5  solder  pc 
hooded. 

Natural  doors  ai 
windows;  air  pa 
dies  driven  1 
power;  2  lead_po 
hooded.  ___     i 

Natural  doers,  ^wi 
dows  and  louv 
roof;  metal  po 
under    large    hoo 

Natural  doors _  ai 
windows ;  2  ^  lei 
pots  hooded. 

Natural;  1  lead  p 
hooded. 

Exhaust  system  < 
grinders. 

Natural  doors  ar[( 
windows. 

Natural  doors  ai 
windows. 

Vacuum  system. 

Je! 

Exhaust  fan  over  oi 
large  lead  pot;  les 
pots  hooded. 

Natural  doors  ar 
windows. 

Natural  windows  ar 
Texas  roof;  1  lei 
pot,  hooded. 

Natural;  hood  ov 
crucibles. 

Natural. 


2 

0 

76 

0 

5 

2 

14 

2 

0 

10 

0 

Solder  room . 


6         0 


^"heel    dressing    and 

finishing   .  . 

Blacksmith  shop 
Cartridge  dept 

Machine  shop 

Blacksmith  shop .... 

Blacksmith  shop .  . 
Casting  room 


Foundry 

Hydrant  dept . 


9 
0 
0 
10 

0 
7 
0 


Tinning  room 

Casting  room 

Casting    room,    East 

Mill. 
Soldering  room. . .  . 


Metallic    lead 

not  given. 
Metallic  lead, 

year. 
Metallic    lead 

not  given. 
Metallic  lead, 

year. 
Metallc    lead, 

not  given. 

Metallic  lead, 
not  given. 

Metallic  lead, 
not  given. 


,  amount 
150  lbs.  a 
i  amount 
400  lbs.  aj 
amount, 

amount 


Metallic    lead,    amount 

not  given. 
Metallic  lead,  and  lead 

paint. 

Metallic  lead, 


Paint  shop 

Solder  room  .  .  . 
Soldering  room. 


Solder  making .  . 
Hemming  room . 
Soldering  room. 


Metallic    lead,    amount 

not  given. 
Metallic    lead,    amount 

not  given. 
Metallic    lead,     amount 

not  given. 
Lead  colors,  amount  not 

given. 
Metallic    lead,    amount 

not  given. 
Metallic  lead,  900  lbs.  a 

day. 


Metallic  lead. 
Metallic  lead. 


Natural  windows. 

Natural  windows'ai 

Texas  roof  louvn 
Place  all  open;j,Tex 

roof   with    louvn 
Natural     doors     ai 

windows. 
Natural     doors     ar 

windows. 
Natural:  1  solder  fu 

nace  hooded. 
Machines    hooded  I 

exhaust. 


Metallic  lead,    £    ton    a 
day. 


Natural  and  4  sold 
pots  with  exhaui 

Natural  doors  ai 
windows. 

Machines  hooded  ai 
piped. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 


1167 


LEAD    OR   ARSENIC    WAS   USED. 


Air  analysis. 


Cases  op 
Poisoning 


Welfare. 


Lead. 


Ar- 


Remark8. 


'To  lead  present 

'Jo  tests,  melting  pots  idle. . .  . 

,T    lead  present 

le; 

jplead  present 

ile; 

le' 

jeaead  present 

'  lea 

jeaead  'present 

jeaead  present 

.ead  "present 

a  '^ests 

'ead  present 

leafests 

i  o  lead  present 

To  lead  present 

To  lead  present    

To  lead  present 

mg.  lead  per  cu.   in.   air  at 
metal  pot. 

To  tests,  pot  idle 

To  lead  present 

To  lead  present 

To  lead  present 

To  lead  present 

To  lead  present 

(6  mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  air  at 

solder  pot. 
To  lead  at  end  where  girls  feed 

machines. 
To  tests 

fo  lead  present 

t  seam  soldering  machine  pot 
1.3  mg.  lead  per  cu.  m. 

.t  end  soldering  machine  pot 
2.(5  mg.  lead  per  cu.  m. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap 
towels  and  goggles  fur 
nished. 

Sink  and  cold  water 


Cold      water,      gloves      fur- 
nished. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and 
gloves  furnished. 


Hot  and  cold-water,  gloves 
furnished. 


Cold  water. 


Cold  water. 


Hot  and  cold  Twater,  respi- 
rators, gloves  and  goggles 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap 
furnished. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap 
furnished. 

Hot  and  cold  water 


Hot  and  cold'water. 


Gloves  furnished . 


Hot  and  cold'water 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water,  gloves 
furnished. 


Hot  and  cold  water  and  soap 
Cold  water  and  soap 

Gloves  furnished 


Cold   water  and   gloves  fur 
nished. 


Dirt  floor  clean;  1  lead  pot  has  no 
hood. 

2  lead  pots,  no  hood;  meals  eaten  in 
lead  room. 

1  solder  pot  no  hood;  meals  eaten  in 
lead  room;  wood  and  brick  floor 
untidy;  gloves  analyzed  after  1 
day's  use  .00610  grams  lead;  after 
3  days'  use  1.37  grams  of  lead. 

Wood  floor;  metal  dross  on  floor. 


Concrete  floor  clean. 


Wood    floors    clean:    meals   eaten   in 
room. 

Wood    floor    clean;    meals    eaten    in 

room. 
Wood  floor  dusty;  4'smallflead  pots 

no  hood;  8fworkers?useTlead. 
1    lead    pot.  no    hood:    cement   flooi 

clean;  meals  eaten  iniroom. 
Wood  floor  clean. 


Dirt  floor  clean;  men  given  time  to 
wash  up. 

1  lead  pot,  no  hood;  no  washing  fa- 
cilities. 
No  washing  or  drying  room. 


Babbitt  metal;  heating  food  on  metal 

pot;    1    case   in    hydrant    painter; 

meals  eaten  in  shop. 
Wood  floor  clean;  1  lead  and  tin  pot: 

no  hood;  meals  eaten  in  room.    _ 
Cement   floor   clean;   meals   eaten  in 

room. 
Cement  floor   clean;   meals   eaten   in 

room. 
WTood  floor  clean;  solder  furnace  not 

hooded;  meals  eaten. 


Wood  floor  clean. 

*■  hour  given  help  to  wash  up. 

Wood  floor  clean. 

Wood    floor    clean;    meals    eaten    in 

room. 
Sold  put  on  cold  by  machine;  wood 

floor  clean. 
Exhaust  system  temporarily  disable^; 

some  hoods  being  changed;  vro0(j 

floor   clean:   meals  eaten  in   room. 


1168 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

FACTORIES  VISITED  WHERE  LEA]* 


Industry. 


Male. 


Tin  cans 

Tin  cans 

Colors  and  paints. . . . 

Paints 

Paints 

Paints 

Paints 

Varnish  and  Enamels 


Oil  cloth 

Artificial  leather. . 
China  ware 

China  ware 

Electric  insulators 
Glass 

Glass 

Cut  glass 

Cut  glass 


Employees. 


Fe- 
male. 


200 

4 

20 

2 
11 

9 


1 

4 

4 
6 

6 

4 
2 

2 

3 

7 

50 

12 
1 

4 


100 
0 
0 

0 
0 
3 

0 
0 


0 
0 

0 

0 

0 

14 
4 

6 

0 
0 


Portion  of  plant 
visited. 


Soldering  room. 
Soldering  room. 
Mixing  room. . . 


Packing  room. . 
Grinding  room . 

Mixing  room. . , 


Mixing  room. 


Putty  room. 


Mixing  room. 
Mixing  room. 
Mixing  room. 


Chimney  room . 


Enamellmixing  room. 
Mixing  room 


Material  used. 


Metallic  lead,  several 
tons  daily. 

Metallic  lead,  amount 
not  given. 

Linseed  oil,  lead  carbon- 
ate, oxides,  chromes, 
arsenic. 

Arsenic 


Varnish  room . 
Mixing  room.  . 


Glaze  dipping 

Litho  transfer  dept. 
Glaze  dipping 


Lead,  carbonate,  oxides, 
and  chromes,  amount 
not  given. 

Linseed  oil,  lead  colors. 


Arsenic  greens,  lead  car- 
bonate, oxides  and 
chrome,  200  tons  a 
year. 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ide, whiting,  linseed 
oil. 

Lead  carbonate,  oxides 
and  chromes. 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ides, 500  lbs.  a  week . 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ides, 200  tonsla  year. 


Lead  carbonate,  oxides 

and  chromes,  2_tons  a 

year. 
Lead  carbonate,  oxides 

and  chromes. 
Lead  carbonate,  oxides 

and  chromes,  amount 

not  given. 
Litharge 


Decorating  room  .  .  . 

Lead  fusing  room. . . . 

Mixing  and  weighing 
room. 


Furnace  room. 


Finishing  room. 
Putty  room. . . . 
Finishing  room. 


"Ventilation. 


Castor  oil,  lead  carbon- 
ate, chromes,  arsenic 
greens. 

Lead  carbonate 


Lead      carbonate      and 

chromes. 
Lead  carbonate 


Metallic  lead,  5  tons  a 
year. 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ide, 500  tons  a  year 
arsenic,  6  tons  a  year 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ide in  furnaces,  50 
tons  a  year;  arsenic,  1 
ton  a  year 

Lead'putty 

Metallic  lead 


Machines  hooded  witt 

exhausts. 
Natural     doors     anc  | 

windows. 
Natural  windows. 

le£ 
Natural  windows.  P° 

Natural  windows. 

ar 
pai 

Natural  windows.      ' 
po 

? 

Natural  windows^1*13 

DUV) 

iiooi 

Natural  windows^  ,aB 

„  lea 

Natural  windows.-    P( 

Naturalwindows.1    i 

Natural?  windows..  an|i 
skylight. 

an 

Natural  chamber  I 
with  flues  to  s  $ 
foiikettles. 

Natural  windows. 

Naturaljwindows. 


Natural  kettles'hood 
ed  to  vent  pipe. 

Natural  windows  an< , 
skylights. 

Natural  windows. 

Exhaust  over  dust 
ing   and   machines 

Natural  doors  am 
windows. 

Natural  tinting  don 
under  hood  wit] 
exhaust. 

Natural  doors  an< 
windows,  lead  pot 
under   brick   hood 

Natural  windows  am 
skylights;  arches  t 
other  rooms. 

Natural  windows. 


Natural  windows  an 

skylights. 
Natural  windows'an 

skylights. 
Natural  windows  an 

skylights. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

I  ARSENIC  WAS  USED  —  Continued. 


1169 


Air  analysis. 


Cases  of 
Poisoning. 


Welfare. 


Lead. 


Ar- 


Remarks. 


lead  present 

lead  present 

lead  or  arsenic  present .... 

lead  or  arsenic  present. . .  . 

/gad  present,  no  dusty  pro- 
ess,  at  time.of  visit  and  tests 

lead  present,  no  dusty  pro- 
38S(  at  time  of  visit  and  tests 

du^ty  processes  at  time  of 
isit,. 


lead  present 

WttB 

lead  present 

tests 

dry  mixing  being  done,  no 
sad  present. 

lead  present 

nt  traces  of  lead  under  mi- 
roscope. 

ces  of  lead  found 

lead  present 

ces  of  lead  found 

lead  present 

tests,  no  lead  being  run .  .  . 

ighinjr  3.3  mg.  lead  per  cu. 

letre,  no  arsenic. 

:ing   2.6   mg.    lead   per   cu. 

letre,  no  arsenic. 

lead  or  arsenic  present.  .  .  . 


3  lead  present 
3  lead  present 
0  lead  present 


0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

Meals  eaten  in  room;  wood  floor  clean. 

Hot   and    cold    water,    soap    Hand  soldering  furnaces,  not  hooded ; 
towels  and  gloves.  !       meals  eaten;   place  clean. 

Hot  and  cold  water |  Mills  and  grinders  open;  wood  floor 

dirty. 

Hot  and  cold  water. 


No    arsenic   manufacturing;    no   pre- 
visions for  handling  dust. 
Wood   floor   dirty;    no    provisions   to 
keepjdown  dust;  meals  eaten  in  ail 
rooms. 

I   Wood   floor  dirty;   no    provisions   to 

keep  down  dust;  meals  eaten  in  all 
rooms. 
Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and    Rooms  partitioned   off  mixing  room 
towels.  for  dressing  and  lunch  room. 


Many'males  and  females  eat-Ilunch  in 
the  mixing  rooms. 

Hot  and  cold]water,  soap  and  Wood  floor  clean;  no  dry  colors  be- 

towels.  ing  handled  at  time  of  visit. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and!  Wood  floor  clean;  no  dry  colors  be- 

towels.  ing  handled  at  time  of  visit. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  shower  No  handling  of  dry  colors  at  time  of 

baths,    soap    and    towels:!  visit. 
■  respirators  and  gloves  fur- 
nished. 


Hot  and  cold  water. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  com- 
pany physician. 

Company  has  a  physician, 
notices  are  posted. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap 
towels  and  mills  furnished 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap, 
towels  and  aprons  fur- 
nished. 


Sink  and  cold  water. 


Respirators  furnished,  emer- 
gency hospital. 


Water,  sonp  and  respirators 

furnished. 
Water,  soap  and  respirators 

furnished. 
Soap  and  water 


Mills  inclosed. 

New  mixer  being  installed. 


Concrete  floor  clean;  strong  odor  of 
amyl. 

Floors  dampened  during  day;  cleaned 
once  a  dav. 


Analysis  of  wash  water  used  by  one 
girl-  Floors  dampened  during{day, 
mopped  at  night. 

No  dust  removers  on  litho  transfer 
work. 

No  lead  used  in  porcelain  glaze;  an- 
alyzed none  found. 

No  provisions  to  keep  down;  men  do 
not  wear  respirators. 


riace  old  and  poorly  lighted;  no  miN- 
ing  being  done. 


Wood   floor   clean;   workers   careless: 

do  not  use  respirators. 
Floor  clean. 

Wood  floor  clean;  only  few  finishers 
at  work;  1  case  reported  to  depart- 
ment, not  there. 


1170              Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  aht> 

Arsenic  Poisoning. 
factories  visited  where  lei 

Industry. 

Employees. 

Portion  of  plant 
visited. 

Material  used. 

Ventilation. 

o 

M  ale 

Fe- 
male. 

37 

.33 

39 
40 

41 
42 

43 

Rubber     tubes     and 
S  tires. 

Enamelled  letters. . . . 
Enamelled  letters. . . . 

Sulphuric  acid 

Jewelry  and  novelties 

Cream  separators.  .  . . 

Wheels    and    carriage 

bodies  _ 
Automobile  bodies. . . 

Carriage  painting. .  . . 
Automobile  bodies. .  . 

4 

1 

100 

1 
4 
5 
3 

8 

8 
15 
30 

8 
12 

4 

6 

10 

50 

150 
2 

12 
45 

6 

4 
20 
17 
12 

50 

23 

2 

40 

0 

0 

25 

0 
0 
15 
0 

30 

30 

0 

0 

0 
0 
0 

0 
0 

0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

Main  room 

Lead   carbonate,   oxide, 
chromate,  arsenic  col- 
Lead   carbonate,   oxide, 
chromate,  arsenic  col- 
ors .... 
Lead  sulphide  combined 
in  rubber. 

Lead  carbonate  and. ox- 
ides. 

Lead  carbonate  and  ox- 
ides. 

Lead  chambers  in  use.  . 

Metallic  l?>d   and   lead 
colors. 

Metallic  lead   and   lead 

colors. 
Lead    puttyjcontaining 

65%  lead. 

Natural     doors     ; 
windows. 

Natural     doors     ( 
windows. 

Natural     doors 
windows. 

Natural     doors 

windows. 
Natural  @  doors 

windows. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 
Natural  s.  doors 

windows. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 
Enamel    ovens     t 

nected      with 

haust. 
Natural    metal 

hooded. 
Plenum  system.     | 

Natural  windows 
skylights. 

Natural     doors 
windows. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 

. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 
Natural  *  doors 

windows. 

Natural  f  doors 

windows. 
Plenum  system. 
Natural     doors  _  i 

dows  and  skylig 
Plenum    system; 

haust     system"' 

bronze  machine 
2-24      inch      exh: 

fans;    pots   of  1 

type  and  stereol 

machines  hoode 
30  inch  exhaust 

linotypes    hood 

and  piped. 
Natural      air      si 

metal   pot   hooi 
Natural  windows 

skylights. 
Exhaust     system 

pasting  tables. 
Natural     doors 

windows. 

Metal   pots   conn 

to  exhaust. 
Exhaust    system 

pasting  tables. 
All     operations 

nected   to   exha 
Exhaust  system. 

Setting  up  room 

44 

45 

46 
47 

43 
49 

50 
-,1 

Lead  colors  and  varnish 
Lead  colors  and  varnish 
Lead  colors  and'varnish 

Lead  colors  and  varnish 
Lead  colors  and  varnish, 

Lead  colors  and  varnish, 

Lead  colors  used ....._. 
Lead  colors  and  arsenic 
greens. 

Metallic  lead  in  type.  . . 

Metallic  lead  in  type.  .  . 

Metallic  lead  in  type.  . . 

Metallic  lead,  24  tons  a 

day. 
Lead  ox  de  compounds. 

Burning       off       pasted 
plates. 

Metallic  lead,  30  tons  a 

day. 
Lead  oxide  compound. . 

Finishing  room 

Lithographing 

Press  room 

Color  mixing  room. . . 

Linotype  and  stereo- 
type  room. 

Linot3'pe  room 

o 

Storage  batteries .... 
Storage'batteries .... 
1 

3 

Weighing  room 

Burning  off  room.  .  .  . 

Burning       off       pasted 
plates. 

Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aksenic  Poisoning. 

I  ARSENIC   WAS  USED  —  Continued. 


1171 


Air  analysis. 


Ca.ses  of 
Poisoning 


Lead. 


Ar- 


Welfare. 


Remarks. 


lead  or  arsenic  present. 


ig.  lead  per  cu.  metre  air,  no 
.rsenic. 


lead  present . 


tests,    no   weighing   being 
done, 
lead  present 


lead  present 

lea  d  present 

lead  present,  no  arsenic . .  . 
lead  present 0 

lead  present 0 

:tre  of  room  no  lead  present!     4 
rea  thing  level  of  sandpaper I 
8.8  mg.  per  cu.  m. 
lead  present I     0 

mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  at  level      1 
f  sandpaper,  no  lead  in  cen- 
re  of  room, 
lead  present |     0  ' 

lead  present 

lead  present 

lead  present 


0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

lead  present 

lead  present 

lead  or  arsenic  present.  .  .  . 
lead  or  arsenic  present.  . .  . 
lead  present 


lead  present . 


lead  present 

mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air. 


mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air. 
m»    lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air 
t  lead  burner. 
mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air 
t  pots. 


mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air. 

lead  Dresent 

mg.  lead  per  cu.  m.  of  air 
t  burners'  table. 


Wood  floor  clean;  no  weighing  being 
done;  men  do  not  use  respirators. 

Workers    covered    with    dust,    pl;v  e 
dusty. 

Concrete  floor  clean;  odor  of  naphtha 
and  benzine  strong. 

Wood  floor    clean;     no    hoods    over 
mixers. 

Wood  floor  clean:  meals  eaten;  no  in- 
gredients being  added  tojmixer. 

Wood    floor    clean;    metal pot    not 
hooded. 

Wood    floor    clean;    metal    pot    not 
hooded. 
Acid  chamber  leaking. 

Hot  and  cold  water,  soap.  .  .     Wood  floor  clean;  meals  eaten  in  shop. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  respi- 
rators furnished. 

Gloves  furnished,  S  mg.  lead 
per_  cu.  metre  air,  no  ax  : 
senic. 

Hot  and  cold  water 


Cold  water,  gloves  furnished 
Cold  water,  gloves  furnished 

Cold  water 

Cold  water ! 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap . 
Hot  and  cold  water,  soap . 


Wood  floor  clean. 


Concrete  floor  clean;  putty  applied 
by  hand,  baked  on,  then  sand- 
papered.- 

Wood    floor    clean;    no    hoods    over 
solder  furnaces  or  machines. 
Cold  wTater Wood  floor  clean. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap.  . 


Cold  water. 


Cold  water 

Cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water. 

Hot  and  cold  water. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and 
towels  furnished. 


Vacuum    cleaner    for    floors 

and  benches. 
Cold  water,  soap  and  towels 


Concrete  floor  clean. 

Wood    floor    clean;    no    sandpapering 

at  time  of  visit:  meals  eaten. 
Wood    floor    clean;    no    sandpapering 

at  time  of  visit:  meals  eaten. 
Wood  floor  dean:  no  lead  filler  used 

wet    pumice    and    rubbing    done: 

meals  eaten  in  room. 
Wood  floor  clean:  meals  eaten  in  shop. 

Cleaning  off   of  litho   stones  done  in 

one  portion  of  room. 
Mixers    open:    pony    mixer    enclosed: 

no  provisions  for  handling  dust. 
Analyses  of  bronze  powder  showed  no 

lead  or  arsenic  present. 
Wood    floor    clean-    Stereotype   room 

is  a  portion  of  the  composing*(lino- 

type)  room. 


Cold  water  soap  and  towels    Wood  floor  clean. 


Cold  water Wood  floor;  dross  scattered  about. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap. 
towels  and  gloves  fur- 
nished, also  pills  if  asked 
for. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap  and 
soap   powder,    towels, 
gloves  and  respirators  fur- 
nished. 


Gloves  in  poor  shape:  no  hoods  over 
metal  pots. 


Place  dirty;  men   careless* 

Wood   floor   clean;    tables  dampened 

during  day. 
Materia]   on   floor:   litharge   found  in 

water    cooler;    wo  kers    unclean. 


1    case   of_  lead    poisoning   was    from 
assembling  room. 


1172 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

FACTORIES    VISITED    WHERE    LEj 


1 

Employees. 

Industry. 

Portion  of  plant 
visited. 

Material  used. 

1 

Male. 

Fe- 
male. 

54 

Electrical  equipment. 

110 

• 

Brass  foundry 1 

Metallic  lead,  amount 
not  given. 

Natural  crucibles 
der  hood. 

45 

0 

Cable  department .  .  . 

Metallic  lead,  amount 
not  given. 

Natural    windows, 
Texas  roof,  louv 

5 

0 

Rubber  _     insulating, 
weighing  room. 

Lead  oxides,  amount 
not  given. 

2-30  inch  exhaustfi 
in  window. 

40 

0 

Rubber       insulating, 

Lead  oxides  compound, 
amount  not  given. 

Natural  windows 
doors. 

10 

60 

Metallic  lead,  amount 
not  given. 

Solder  furnace  hoo 
to  exhaust. 

55 

Electrical  equipments 

17 

Natural    Texas    r 

8 

Cable  department..  .  . 

Natural. 

56 

6 

Lead  cable  room .... 

Natural    meta 
hooded  and 

2 

Natural  windoa 

6 

ing  room. 
Rubber  cable,  mixing 

Lead  oxide  compounds. 

skylights. 
Natural  windo 

skylights. 
Natural   windf? 

Texas  roof,  1Q 

1 

57 

18 

0 

T.  GRAHAM-ROGERS,  » 

Medical  Inspector  of  Fa 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

ARSENIC   WAS  USED  —  Continued. 


1173 


Air  analysis. 


Cases  of 
Poisoning. 


Lead. 


Ar- 


Welfare. 


Remarks. 


lead  present 

lg.  lead  per  cu.  metre  air. 


m?.  lead  per  cu.  metre  at 
nasticators. 
lead  present 


lead  oresent .  •  .  ._ 

m?.  per'cu.  m.  air 

mg.  per  cu.  m.  air  at  mixers 


ices  of  lead  present. 


Hot  and  cold  water,  soap. . . 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Hot  and  cold  water  and  res- 
pirators. 

Hot  and  cold  water  and  res- 
pirators. 

Hot  and  cold  water 

Water 

Hot  and  cold  water,  gloves 
furnished. 

Water ] 

Water \ 

AVater J 


Concrete  fioor  and  dirt;  meals^  eaten 
in  room. 

Metal  pots  not  hooded. 
Men    do    not    wear  ^respirators    furn- 
nished. 

Men    do    not    wear    respirators    fur- 
nished;  meals  eaten  in_room. 

Wood  floor  clean. 

Men  not  clean;  meals  eaten  in  room. 

Wood   floor  not   clean:   men   do   not 
wear  gloves  and  are  not  clean. 

Meals  eaten  in  the  factory  and  the  men 
are  not  clean. 


Flow  brick  and  dirt;  men  careless. 


JOHN  H.  VOGT,  B.  S., 

Analyst. 


1174 


Appendix  VIII  — ■  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 


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Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1175 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

In  compiling  the  following  bibliography  an  endeavor  has  been 
made  to  afford  a  ready  reference  to  specific  articles  relating  to  the 
subjects  investigated.  The  material  is  as  nearly  up  to  the  present 
date  as  it  was  possible  to  ascertain. 

There -have  no  doubt  been  a  number  of  articles  overlooked,  and 
to  have  enumerated  all  the  references  in  works  on  medicine  and 
hygiene  would  have  been  an  enormous  task,  so  they  were  omitted. 

A  general  bibliography  of  occupational  diseases  has  been  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Andrews,  of  the  American  Association  for  Labor 
Legislation,  and  will  be  found  in  "  American  Labor  Legislation 
Review,"  Vol.  2,  No.  2,  June,  1912. 

A  bibliography  on  Occupational  Mortality,  compiled  by  Dr. 
Hoffman,  may  be  found  in  Bulletin  No.  79  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Labor. 

Both  have  been  of  help  in  the  compilation  of  this  work.  Refer- 
ence was  also  made  to  the  "  Bulletin  of  the  International  Com- 
mission for  the  Study  of  Occupational  Diseases." 

The  references  are  not  merely  industrial  plumbism,  but  includes 
the  entire  field  of  medical  research  relating  to  lead  or  arsenic 
poisoning. 

Lead: 

Alcohol  u.  Bleiarbeiter.     Sociale  Praxis.     Berlin,  p.  1326. 

Arbeiterschutz  in  Akkumulatores-fabriken  in  Deutschland. 
Sociale  Praxis.     No.  34.     1908. 

Arbeiterschutz  in  der  Bleiglasurfabrikation  u.  das  kaimner- 
gericht.     Berufsgenos.     No.  2.     1908. 

Aubertin.  Convuslions,  oedeme,  aigue  du  poumin,  hemorragies 
surrenales  dans  la  saturnisme  experim.  Soc.  Med.  Hop.  Paris. 
VII.     10.     '08. 

Andrews,  J.  B.  Deaths  from  industrial  lead  poisoning  in  New 
York  State  in  1909-1910.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor  Bulletin  No.  95. 
July,  1911. 

Action  populaire,  Rhedms.  Extraits  des  discours  prononces 
au  Senat  sur:  Interdiction  de  la  ceruse  a  l'interieur  des  baitments. 
Reims.     Paris.     1908. 


1176        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Albreekt,  H.  Beruf  skrankkeiten  der  Buckdrucker.  Sckmollers 
Jakrbuck  f .  Gesetzgebung  usw.     Bd.  XV. 

Adalbert.  Maladies  ind.  Provenant  de  la  manipulation  des 
accumulateurs.  Annales  de  Hyg.  Pub.  et  Med.  Leg.  Vol.  VIII. 
1908. 

Agasse-Lafont  et  Heim.  Les  reactions  kematiques  du  presa- 
turnisme.     Acad,  de  Medicine,  Paris.     XII.     8.     1908. 

Albert-Levy  et  A.  Pecoul  Lavair  des  ateliers:  imprimeries  a 
mackines  linotypes.  Annal.  Observat.  Municip.  Paris.  VII. 
1907. 

Abelsdorff  Bleierkrankungen  in  gewerbl.  Betrieben.  Con- 
cordia, Berlin.     No.  17. 

Aerztlicker  Dienst  in  den  Bleibetrieben  Frankreicks.  Sociale 
Praxis.     No.  35. 

Altieri,  E.  Un  oaso  di  associazone  tosica  da  plombo  ed  alcol. 
Lavoro,  Milan.     No.  8-9. 

Bestimmung  von  Bleistaub  u.  Bleidampf  en  den  Arbeits  raumen 
mit  Blei  arbeitenden  Industrien.  Zeitsck.  f.  Gewerberkygiene. 
No.  4.     1904. 

Bernardet,  Troisier.  Cas  d'intoxication  saturnin  avec  menin- 
gitis, anaemie,  et  ictere.     Tribune  Medicale.    No.  21.     1908. 

Bleyer,  E.  Ein  Betrag  z.  Aetologie  d.  Bleivergiftung.  Mediz. 
Klinik.    Berlin.     No.  24. 

Bleivergiftung  der  Anstreicker.    Arbeitskutz.    Vienna. 

Bleivergiftung  in  Pransesknupfereien.  Sociale  Praxis.  No. 
11.     1908. 

Bleivergiftung  in  kuttenmann  u.  gerwerbl.  Betreiben.  K.  K. 
Arbeits  Amt.     Holder.     Vienna.     I-V.     1908. 

Bekampfung  der  Bleivergiftung.  Zeitsck.  f.  Gewerbkyg.  No. 
9.    1908. 

Bleiwassersatz  in  den  Neiderland,    Soc.  Praxis.   No.  34.   1908. 

Balland.  Influence  du  sat  rnisme  sur  la  marcke  de  la  grosses. 
Paris.      1896. 

Blum,  P.  Untersuckungen  uber  die  Bleivergiftung  und  deren 
Verkuting  in  industriellen  Betrieben.  M.  Perles,  Prankfort-a- 
Main,  1900.  Ueber  das  Sckicksal  des  Bleis  im  Organismus  usw. 
Wiener  med.    Wockensck.     No.  13.     1904. 

Brouardel.  Intoxication  ckronique  par  le  Plomb.  Annales 
d'kygiene  publique.    Pebruary,  1904. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.        1177 

Bassia,  A.  T.  Industries  insalubres.  Rapports  sur  leurs  dan- 
gers et  les  moyens  de  les  prevenir,  particulierement  dans  l'indus- 
tries  des  allmnettes  et  ces  qui  fabriquent  ou  employment  des 
colleurs  de  plomb.     G.  Fischer.     Jena,  1903. 

Bennett,  S.  B.  A  visit  to  a  white  lead  works.  San.  Record. 
London.     41.     '08. 

Bacquais.  Hygiene  de  l'industrie  de  caoutchouc.  Ann. 
d'Hyg.     Vol.  2.     1901. 

Boulin.  Hygiene  des  ateliers  d'appret  des  stoffes  de  soir. 
Annales  d'Hygiene.    Vol.  1.     1901. 

Bottrich.  Ueber  die  gesundheitliche  Bedentung  des  Aufen- 
thaltes  in  dem  Formierraumen  von  Akkummulatorenfabriken. 
Therap.  Monatschr.    Berlin.    No,  17.    1903. 

Becker.  Ueber  Gesundheitsschadigungen  durch  Bleifarben- 
hiiltige  Tapeten.     Zeitsch.  f.  Medizinalbeamte.     No.  11.     1908. 

Bertarelli,  E.  La  legge  f  rancese  contro  il  saturnismo  e  i  tentative 
di  sostituzione  della  biacca.     Crit.  Soc.   XII,  16.    1908. 

Brassert,  H.  Unfall  und  Bleilahmung.  Aertz.  Sachverst. 
Zeits.     Berlin.     No.  22. 

Binswanger.  Ein  Fall  von  Bleiintoxikation.  JSTaturw.  med. 
Gesell.    Jena.   XVII,  2.     1910. 

Bleivergiftung  in  Tonwarenf abriken.  Zeitsch.  f.  Gewerberhyg. 
No.  24.     1908. 

Bonhoffer.  Psychosen  bei  Bleivergiftung.  Deut.  Med.  Woch. 
49,  1910. 

Benthaus,  A.  Ausgang  u.  Prognose  der  Bleilahmung.  Univ. 
Jena,  1911. 

Barbe  et  Delmas.  Saturnisme  a  forme  de  demence  paralytique. 
Soc.  psychiat.    Paris.    Nov.  16,  1911. 

Barthe,  L.  Contribution  de  la  chimie  a  la  caracterisation  de 
l'empois  saturnin.     Journal  de  Bordeaux,  No.  30. 

Bleivergiftung  u.  Staubkrankheiten  in  Topfereibetreiben.  So- 
cial Technik.    Berlin.     H.  6. 

Blum,  F.  Medizinisches  liber  die  Bleivergiftung.  G.  Thieme, 
Leipzig.     1912. 

Boulin,  M.  Les  donderies  des  plomb.  Extrait  Bullet,  de 
l'inspect  du  travail.     Paris.     No.  5-6.     1907. 


1178        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Breton,  J.  L.  L'interdiction  de  la  ceruse  dans  l'industrie  de  la 
peinture.  French  Sec.  Internat.  assoc.  Lab.  Legis.  Series  3, 
No.  1. 

Burton,  Wm,  The  hygiene  of  the  Pottery  Trade.  Shaw  lec- 
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Carozzi,  L.  Inchiesta  igienico-sanitaria  neU'industria  poli- 
grafica  in  Italic  Italian  Sec.  Intern.  Assoc.  Lab.  Leg.  No.  2-6, 
1911. 

Calmettes,  E.  Le  saturnisme.  Prophylaxie,  legislation  com- 
parer    Giard  et  Briere.     Paris.     1910. 

Chyzer,  Bela.  Des  intoxications  par  le  plomb  se  presentant 
dans  la  ceramique  en  Hongrie.  A.  Sohmidl.  Budapest.  1908. 
Az  akkumulatorokkal  kaposolatosan  elofordulo  ipari  betegsegekroL 
Gyogyaszat.  Vol.  45.  1905.  Ueber  die  im  ungarischen  Ton- 
warengewerbe  voekommenden  Bleivergiftungen.  Jena,  190S. 
Gewerberkrankheiten  die  in  Verbindung  mit  Akkumulatoren 
auftreten.    Pest.  med.  Chir.  Presse.  87.    Budapest.    1906. 

Color  Industry.  Conipte  Rendu  de  la  .Soc.  Biologic  No.  30. 
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Claisse.  Diagnostic  et  traitment  de  la  colique  de  plomb.  La 
Clinique.     No.  18,  1908. 

Carozzi,  L.  I  pericoli  della  biacca  nelFind.  della  coloritura. 
Lavoro.    No.  6.     Milan. 

Collina,  G.  Sul  valore  semeiologico  delle  ernazie  granularie  dei 
lavortori  del  plombo.    Gazette  Osped.  e  Clinich.    Milano,  No.  123. 

Carnot.  Le  saturnisme  disparait.  Progres  Medical.  Paris. 
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Comby.  Saturnisme  chez  les  enfants.  Arckiv.  med.  des  En- 
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Camus,  J.,  et  Nicloux,  M.  Essai  de  la  neutralisation  des  sels  de 
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periode  d'incubation.     Soc.  Biolog.    Paris.    No.  19. 

Carozzi,  L.  Per  la  diagnosi  precocissima  del  saturnismo.  Cor- 
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Capitan.  Patologie  dans  la  ceramique  des  Anciens  Peruviens. 
Acad.  Med.      Paris.    Vol.  VI,  No.  1. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1179 

Carles,  J.  Les  abces  de  fixation  dans  le  saturnisme.  Gazette 
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Charron.  De  l'intoxication  saturnine  par  les  papiers  de  tenture. 
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Carles,  J.  Leucocytes  et  absorption  des  >sels  de  plomb.  Journal 
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Claude  e  Levy  Valensi.  Diplegie  brachiale  polynevritique  a 
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des  accumulateurs.    Ann.  de  Hyg.  Pub.  et  Med.  Leg.  IX,  1908. 

Crisafulli,  E.  Contribute  alio  studio  del  saturnismo  mentale  e 
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Davis,  I.  P.  Diseases  occurring  in  manufacture  of  rubber  boots 
and  shoes.  Tenth  Ann.  Report  N.  J.  Board  of  Health.  Trenton, 
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Duckering,  G.  E.  Cause  of  lead  poisoning  in  the  tinning  of 
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Ducrot,  M.  Le  saturnisme.  dans  le  typographic  Bulletin 
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Dupuy,  J.  Le  saturnisme  dans  le  professions  et  les  villes  mari- 
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Dieselhorst,  G.  Bleiausscheidung  nach  innerl.  Gebrauch  von 
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Dauve,  O.  Contribution  a  l'etude  experim.  du  saturnisme. 
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De  Stefano.  Qualche  forma  di  nefrite  saturnina.  Gazzat.  int. 
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1180        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

De  Vooys,  P.  Bericlit  liber  Bleivergiftung  in  den  poly- 
grapkiscken  Gewerben  in  den  Xiederlanden.  Xederland.  Bleiver- 
giftung in  der  Xiederlandiscken  keramiscken  industrie,  Xeder- 
landseke  Vereiniging  voor  wettelijke  beskerming  van  Arbeiders. 
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Elsaesser.  Die  besonderen  Sckadlickkeiten  des  Blei-  und  Silber- 
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18,  1908. 

Enquete  betr.  die  Ursacken  u.  Bekampfung  der  Bleivergif- 
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Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1181 

Fritscher.  Chron.  Plumb  vergiftung  u.  Epilepsia.  Centbl.  f. 
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Golperin-Teytelmann,  Stroul.  Die  basophilen  Granula  der 
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Gibson,  J.  L.  Plumbic  ocular  neuirty  in  Queensland  children. 
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50 


1182        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Hamilton,  A.  M.     On  manufacturing  establishments  where  lead 
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Hoffman,  F.  L.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor  Bulletin  No.  79,  1908. 
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Hertz,  R.  tieber  die  vital  f  ahrbare  Granularsubstanze  der  roten 
Blutkorp.,  ihre  Natur  u.  Beziehungen  zu  ihre  sorgen,  basoph. 
Punktierung.    Deutsch.  Med.  Woch.    No.  52,  1910. 

Hinze,  V.  Behandlung  des  chronischen  Saturnismus  mit 
Pixationabssessen  nach  der  Methode  von  Jaquea  Carles.  Berliner 
Klin.  Woch.    No.  26,  1910. 

Hermann,  E.  Bleivergiftung  nochals  Betriebsunfall  anerkannt. 
Med.  Klinik.    Berlin.    No.  51,  1911. 

Isaac.  Demonst.  von  3  Fallen  chron.  Blei-intoxication.  Verein 
d.  Aertze.    Wiesbaden.    Nov.  1,  1911. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Aesenic  Poisoning.         1183 

Kaup,  I.  Blei  u.  Phosphorvergiftung  in  den  gewerbl.  Betrieb. 
Oesterreichs.  Tatschen  u.  Aufgaben  der  Gesetzgebung.  Bericht. 
erstattet  der  Int.  Verein  f.  gesetz.  Arbeiterschutz.  Vienna.  F. 
Deuticke.  1902.  Bleivergiftimg  in  der  keramisehen  Industrie. 
Berlin. 

Jehle,  L.  Die  Gesundsheitverhaltnisse  in  dein  Buchdruckereige- 
werbe.  Golebiewskis  Archiv.  f.  Unfallheilkunde  usw.  Bd.  III. 
1901. 

Klebe,  H.  Die  gewerbliche  Bleivergiftung  imd  ilire  Ver- 
hiitung.     Muenchen.     T.  Ackerman.     1911. 

Kaltenbach  (Fraulein)  Statist.  U.  Kasuist.  Betrage  zur 
chron.  Bleivergiftung.     Dissertation.    Leipzig.     1908. 

Kumita.  tieber  die  oertl.  der  Bleivalze  im  Gewerbe  hervor- 
gerufenen  Verandderungen.    Virchow's  Archiv.    Bd.  193. 

Knierirn,  H.  Eineseltenere  Legalisation  von  abgelargertem 
Scbwefelblei.  ("leisauni)  b.  chron.  Bleivergiftung.  Deut.  Med. 
Wocb.     ISTo.  42,  1910. 

King,  A.  The  early  diagnosis  of  industrial  lead  poisoning.  Int. 
Cong.  Occup.  Dis.    Brussels.    1910. 

Kahn  et  Bloch  Paralysie  generale  ou  demence  saturnine.  Soc. 
psychiatrie.    Paris.    Dec.  21,  1911. 

Ivoelsch,  P.  Zwei  Vergiftungsfalle  b.  Beschlupfen  frischge- 
pichter  Faesser.     Concordia.    Berlin.    No.  20,  1911. 

Legge,  T.  M.  Industrial  lead  poisoning.  Journ.  Hyg.  Vol. 
1,  1901.  Eeports  as  Chief  Medical  Inspector  of  Factories  in 
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Legge,  T.  M.  Report  on  the  manufacture  of  paints  and  colors 
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Lewin,  L.  Uber  die  Wirkung  des  Bleis  auf  die  Gebarmutter. 
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Laffite.  De  l'intoxication  saturnine.  Thes.  Bordeaux.  1907- 
1908. 


1184        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning. 

Lepine,  R.  Alcoolisnie,  encephalopathie  convulsive  sans  reac- 
tion meningee  f oie  gras,  f  aible  quantitie  de  plomb  dans  les  visceres. 
Sociale  Rundschau.    Vienna.    No.  1,  1908. 

Lead  and  dust  in  pottery  works.  Journ.  A.  M.  A.  Vol.  LV, 
No.  4. 

Lead  Poisoning  in  the  potteries.  British  Med.  Journ.,  No. 
2592. 

Lazellj  E.  W.  An  unusual  case  of  lead  poisoning.  Col.  Med. 
Journ.,  Sept.,  1910. 

Lavene,  P.  A.,  and  Van  Slyke,  D.  D.  Insoluble  salts  (lead)  of 
Amino-acids.    Journ.  Biolog.  Chem.    Baltimore.    Oct.,  1910. 

Lewin,  L.  Das  toxisehe  Verhalten  von  metallischen  Blei  u. 
besonders  von  Bleigeschossen  in  tierischen  Koerper.  Arcbiv.  f.  kl. 
Chir.     Bd.  94.    II.  4. 

Loeper  et  Pinarol.  Meningite  saturn,  aigue  preooce:  forme 
meningitique  complete.    Soc  Hop.  Med.    Paris.    Feb.  24,  1911. 

Loydold.  Die  Bleivergiftung  im  Toepfergewerbe  in  England. 
Soc.  Med.  u.  Hygiene.    Hamburg.    No.  4,  1911. 

Muller,  R.  Die  Bekampfung  der  Bleigefabr  in  Bleihutten. 
Jena.    1908. 

Massini,  G.  De  saturnismo  e  sua  propilassi  negli  adetti  alle 
aeti  grafiche.    1st  Int.  Cong.  Occup.  Dis.    Milan.    1906. 

Marie,  A.  Presence  du  plomb  dans  l'encehale  d'un  paralytique 
generak  syphilitique  et  saturnune.  Soc.  Med.  Hop.  Paris.  Jan- 
uary 17,  1908. 

Mosny  et  Pinard  Meningite  saturnine.  Tomassi.  Ill,  28, 
1908. 

Mosny  et  Laubry  L'intoxioation  satuminee  professionelle. 
XIV  Cong.  Hyg.     Berlin.     1908. 

Minet,  J.  et  Verbaegbe,  E.  Paralysie  saturnine  du  type  brach- 
ial sup.  Soc.  Med.  du  Nord.    Nord.  Medicale,  Lille  No.  335. 

Minet  et  Fontan.  Traitment  de  l'intoxication  saturnine  par 
les  abees  de  fixation.    Echo  Med.  du  Nord,  Lille.    No.  36.     1910. 

Morris,  R.  S.  Nuclear  particles  in  the  arythrocytes.  Archiv. 
of  Int.  Med.    March,  1910. 

Moyens  d'eviterle  saturnisme  dans  les  fonderies  de  plomb. 
Revue  d'Economie  Indus.     Paris.    No.  6.     1910. 

Mitchell,  J.  K.  Case  of  amyotrophic  lateral  sclerosis  or  lead 
poisoning.     Phila.  and  N.  Y.  Neurol.  Soc.     Dec.  18,  1909 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning-.        1185 

Meillere,  G.  Importance  prophylactique  du  diagnostic  et  du 
traitment  precoce  du  saturnisme  profess.  Int.  Cong.  Occ.  Dis. 
Brussels. 

Murgia,  E.  Richerche  sperimentali  sul  l'assorbimneto  e  sulla 
eliminazione  del  solfuro  di  pioinbo  puro.  Revue  d'hyg.  Paris. 
No.  1-2.     1911. 

Messary,  (de).  Paralysie  radiale  a  type  de  paral.  saturnine 
due  a  une  poliomylite  chron.  cervicale  chez  des  syphilitiques. 
Soc.  Neurol.     Paris.     Vol.  VI,  No.  1. 

Mosny,  Dupuys-Dutemps  et  Saint-Girons.  Amaurose  saturnine 
suivie  d'hemianopsie  passagerie  d'origine  corticale  dans  le  decours 
d'une  crise  aigue  recente,  precoce,  de  colique  de  plomb.  Soc.  Med. 
Hop.  Paris.     May  12,  1911. 

Mosny  et  Saint-Girons.  Meningite  saturn.  et  suaigue  avec 
hemiparesie  motrice  passagerie.  Soc.  Med.  Hop.  March  17, 
1911. 

Mazzi,  V.  Contributo  clinico  e  speriment.  alio  studio  dell'awel- 
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1911. 

Morelli.  Corea  dopo  intossi  caz.  saturn.  cronica.  Clinica  Med. 
Italiana,  Milan.    March,  1911. 

Montheuil,  M.  Rapport  sur  les  experiences  comparatives  des 
peintures  au  blanc  de  ceruse  et  la  blanc  de  zinc  executees  l'annexe 
de  T'lnstitut  Pasteur.  Aug.,  1902.  Oca.,  1907.  Revue 
d'Hygiene,  Paris.     No.  3.     1908. 

Norton,  IT.  G.  Dangers  of  the  potters'  trade  from  the  life  in- 
surance standpoint.     Med.  Exam,  and  Pract.     Vol.  16.     1906. 

Naegeli,  O.  Bleineurasthenie,  eine  Parellele  zur  traumatischen 
Neurosen.  XXVI.  Cong,  for  Int.  Med.  Weisbaden.  April, 
1909. 

Pagels,  E.  Welche  Forderungen  stellt  die  Hygiene  bei  der  Ver- 
wendung.  des  Bleies  in  der  Akkumnlatoreniendustrie.  Dissertat 
on  Lipzig.    May,  June,  1910. 

Pagliano  et  Corsy.  Meningite  saturnine  et  pseudo-syndrome  de 
Weber.    Marseilles  Medical.    Vol.  V.    No.  1.     1911. 

Pernssia,  F.  Bleivergiftung  u.  Wassermannsche  Reaktion. 
Dents.  Med.  Woch.     No.  34.     1911. 

Sulla  istogenesi  della  nefrite  cronica  da  piombo.  Lavoro,  Milan. 
No.  21.     1911. 


11S6        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Rindfleisck.  L'kron.  Bleivergiftimg  mit  Encepkalop.  saturn. 
und  sckweren  Blutveranderungen.  Stadt.  Krankenaust.  zu  Dor- 
mimd.     Vol.  X.     Xo.  13.     1908. 

Hold.  Bleivergiftimg.  Gesell.  f.  inn.  Med.  Vienna.  Vol.  XII, 
Xo.  19,  1908. 

Rambousek.  Beitrag  z.  Patkologie  der  Bleivergiftimg.  Con- 
cordia, Berlin.     Xo.  1909. 

Bold.  C'hron.  Bleivergiftung  mit  unbekannter  Aetologie. 
Gesell.  f.  inn.  Med.     Vienna.     Vol.  XL    Xo.  19,  1908. 

Rambousek,  J.  Die  Bleierkrankung.  Zeitsch.  f.  aerztl.  Forth 
Bd.  6.  Xo.  7,  1909.  Beitrag  z.  Patkologie  des  Stoffwecksels  u.  des 
Blutes  b.  Ckroniscker  Plumbum  Vergiftung.  Zeitsck.  f.  exp. 
Patk.  Bd.  VII. 

Reggiani,  C.  Granulazioni  basofile  negli  organi  emopoietici  di 
animali  avvelenati  con  piombo.     Soc.  Med.  Parma,  Jan.  18,  1910. 

Riva,  A.  Sulla  modalita  di  eliminazione  del  pb.  colleurine  e 
sulla  combinazione  delpb.  nell  'organismo.  Slini  a  Med.  Italian  a, 
Milan.    Xo.  9,  1911. 

Sprenger.  tiber  Bleierkrank.  der  Arbeiter  >  Akkumulatoren- 
fabriken  Berlins  und  Ckarlottenburgs.  Zeitun.  der  Zentral.  f. 
Arbeitswoklfakrtseinricktungen,  1895. 

Sternberg.  Erfakrungen  liber  gewerbl.  Bleivergiftimg.  in 
AYien.  Separatabdruck  aus  'Das  Oesterrickiscke  Sanitatswesan' 
X^o.  32-39.     1906. 

Stoekkausen.  De  litkargyrii  fumo  noxio  morbiiico  equasque 
metallico  frequentiori  niorbo,  vulgar  dicto  'kiittenkatze.'  Gosler. 
1556. 

Sckut,  P.  Barker.  Berickt  iiber  das  Verbot  des  Gebranckes  von 
Bleifarben  und  uber  die  Versucke  mit  bleifrein  Earben  in  den 
Xiederlanden.  Xederlandscke  Ver.  voor  vcettilijke  beskerming 
van  Arbeiders.  etc.     Amsterdam,  1908. 

Sable,  M.  F.  Sur  un  cas  d'kysterie  saturnine  suivie  de  poly- 
nevrite  Gperison  de  la  polynevrite  et  persistince  des  troubles 
kysteriques.     Journ.  des  Sciences  Med.  Lille.     Xo.  23,  1908. 

Sckmidt.  Ueber  den  diagnosticken  Wert  der  Blutuntersuckung 
bei  Bleivergiftimg.  D.  m.  W.  m.  26.  Med.  Gesell.  Wien.  XI, 
19,  '08.  als  Deutsck.  Med.  Wock.  Xo.  46,  1909.  Untersuck- 
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Bd.  96.     H.  5-6. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.        1187 

Sabrazes,  J.  A  propos  du  sang  des  saturnine  et  cle  la  question 
de  la  polycromatophile,  des  hematies  granulo-reticulo-filamenteuses. 
et  des  hematiques  a  granulations  basopbiles.  Folia  Haernat.  Arch. 
Bd.  IX.    H.  I. 

Sommerfeld.  Die  Beseitigung  der  Bleigefahren  in  Bleihiitten. 
Concordia,  Berlin.  No.  10,  1910,  also  XXXIX  Bd.  2  Sup.  Heft, 
19.     Vierteljahrft.  f.  Gericht  1.  Med.  u.    Oeffentl.  Sanitaetswesen. 

Sicard-Blocb.  Saturnisme  et  paralysie  generale.  Reaction  des 
Wassermann.     Soc.  Med.  Hop.  Paris.    July  7,  1910. 

Straub.  IJeber  experim.  chron.  Bleivergiftung.  XXV  Wander- 
versamml.  sudwest  Dent.  Xeurologen  u.  Innerartze  in  Baden- 
Baden.     May,  1910. 

Sternberg,  M.  Pathologie  u.  Friihdiagnose  der  Bleivergiftung. 
Wiener  Klin.  Wocben.     Xo.  50,  1910. 

Scbmitter.  Wassermannsche  Reaktion  bei  Bleivergiftung. 
Deutsch  Med.  Wochenseh.  Xo.  22,  1911.  Lavora,  Milan. 
No.  16. 

Snover,  C.  H.  Chronic  Lead  Poisoning.  Journ.  A.  M.  A.  Xo. 
24,  1911. 

Sterzt.  Atypische  Bleilahmung  durcb  ein  Traumaausgelost. 
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Tanquerel  des  Planches.  Traite  de  la  maladie  du  plomb. 
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Totb  von  der.  Beseitigung  der  gewerbl.  Bleigefahr  in  Allge- 
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Teleky,  L.  La  probizione  della  biacca  di  plombo  in  Austria. 
Ramazzini,  Florence.  Xo.  7,  1908.  Abnorm.  Lokalisation  der 
Bleivergiftung.  K.  K.  Gesell.  Aertze,  Wien.  XII-4-1908. 
Bleivergiftung  mit  ungewonlich  Ursache.  Wiener  Aertze  Ver- 
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Gesell.  f.  inn.  Med.  in  Wien.     May  13,  1909. 

Teleky,  L.  Die  Gewerbl.  Bleivergiftung  in  Oesterrich.  XIV 
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mit  seltener  Enstehungsursache.  Med.  Reform  Xo.  14,  1908. 
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Turner,  J.  On  lead  poisoning  in  childhood.  Boston  Meil.  & 
Surg.  Journ.    Apr.  30,  '09. 

Trembur.  Die  Blievergiftung  von  hygien.  Standpunkt  u.  iieber 
Erfahruno;en  welche  in  neurer  Zeit  im  Bleihiitte  betrcff.  die  Vcr- 


1188        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

kiitung  d.  Bleivergiftung  gemackt  worden  sind.     Klinich.  Jakr- 
bucJi.     111-22.     1910. 

Talsky,  H.  Die  Edelsteinschleifer  und  die  Bleivergiftung. 
Cong.  Occupat.     Diseases.     Brussels,  1910. 

Taniel,  E.  J.  P.  Traitment  du  saturnisme  grave  per  les  abces 
de  fixation.     These,  Lille.     February  20,  1911. 

Tedeschi,  E.  Sulle  neuriti  a  forma  atasica  ne  saturnismo. 
Tommasi.     (8 IIX.     Naples,  ISTo.  8.     1911.) 

Trautmann.  Enstehung,  Erkennung  u.  Verkiitung  der  Bleiver- 
giftung. Vierteljakrft.  f,  gericktl.  Med.  Oeff.  Sanitaetswesen. 
Oct.,  1911. 

Weber.  Tiber  die  biskerige  Wirksamkeit  der  Gesetze  gegen 
Bleivergiftung  usw.  Vierteljahrschft.  f.  ger.  Med.  u.  OefT. 
Sanitaetswes.    F.  3  Bd.  27  H.  2. 

Wachter,  K.  Die  gewerbl.  Bleivergiftung.  u.  ihre  Bekampfung 
in  Deutscken  Beiek.     G.  Braunscke,  Karlsruhe.     1908. 

Weiser,  M.  Zur  Kenntnis  der  Sekstoerungen  b.  Bleivergiftung. 
Dissertation.     Leipsic.     January,  February,  1909. 

Wilke,  R.  Bleivergiftung  in  der  Keramiscken  Industrie  der 
JSTiederlande.     Concordia,  Berlin.     Kb.  8,  1909. 

Windsckeid.  Kann  eine  Bleilakmung  durck  einen  Unfall 
ausgeloest  werden  Aerzt.     Sackverst  Zeits.    Berlin.     ISTo.  9,  1909. 

Williams,  C.  Lead  amblyopia  and  presentation  of  a  case  of 
left  komonymous  lateral  kemianopsia  due  to  lead  poisoning. 
Annals  of  Optkal.     St.  Louis.     No.  4,  Oct.,  1911. 

Yoder,  J.  J.  Ckronic  lead  poisoning  as  a  diagnostic  factor  in 
appendicitis.  Journ.  Hoy.  Inst.  Pub.  Health.  London,  Oct., 
1910. 

Zur.  Frage  d.  Bekampfung  der  Bleivergiftung.  Sckw. 
Blaetter  f.  Wirtsch.  u.  Sozialpolit.     XVIII-23-24.     1910-11. 

Arsenic: 

Bloch,  L.  Action  de  arsenic  sur  le  sang  et  les  organes  hema- 
topoistques;  etude  experiment.     Paris,  1908. 

Cazeneuve,  H.  P.  La  Fucksine  au  point  de  vue  de  la  toxi- 
cologic et  de  la  kygiene.     Annales  de  Hygiene.     1892. 

Brouardel.  Arsenic.  Annales  de  Hygiene.  1885  and  1889. 
Paris. 


Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Absenic  Poisoning.        1189 

Draper,  F.  W.  Arsenic  in  certain  green  colors.  Third  Annual 
Report  Mass.  State  Board  of  Health.     1872. 

Dubitzki,  L.  O.  Einnuss  von  Arsenwasserstoff  auf  den  Organ- 
ismus.     Zeitsch.  fur  Gewerberhygiene.     Vienna.     Xo.  8,  1908. 

Duchesne  et  Michel.  L'Industie  du  papier  peints.  Revue  de 
Hygiene.    Paris,  1882. 

Empoisonnements  par  H.  Arsenie.  Revue  Scient.  Paris,  X. 
21,  1908. 

Griswold,  S.  Case  of  poisoning  from  working  in  Scheele's 
green.    X.  Y.  Journ.  Medicine.     Vol.  5,  Xo.  3,  1858. 

Gardner.  Empoisonnements  par  H.  Arsenie.  La  Clinque. 
August,  1908. 

Glaister,  J.  Poisoning  by  arseniuretted  hydrogen.  Edinburgh, 
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Trans.  Cong.  Industrial  Diseases.    Brussels,  1910. 

Guy,  W.  A.  Occupations  that  have  to  do  with  Emerald  Green. 
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Glibert.  Report  Chief  Medical  Inspector.  Rapports  du  Minist. 
Travail,  France. 

Hamilton,  A.  Report  Illinois  Commission  Occupational 
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Hoffer.  Arsen  bezw.  Arsenwasserstoff  vergiftungen.  Zeitsch. 
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Haywood  and  Warner.  Arsenic  in  Papers  and  Fabrics.  Bull. 
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Joachim.  Ueber  Blutveranderungen  b.  Vergiftung  mi  Arsen- 
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Legge,  T.  Reports  of  Chief  Medical  Inspector  of  Factories. 
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Murrell  and  Hale.  Report  on  Cigarette  papers.  British  Med- 
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Pratt,  E.  Report  on  Arsenic.  X.  Y.  State  Factory  Commis- 
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Riehl,  M.  Verschiedene  Arsenwirkung  b.  Muskelarbeit  uns  bei 
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Salkowski,  E.  Ueber  den  Xachweis  des  Arsen  im  Harn. 
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1190        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

Taylor  and  Traubshaw.  A  Report  of  six  cases  of  Arsenical 
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Fr.  von  den  Yelden.  Ein  ungewohnlicher  Fall  von  Arsen- 
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Reference  Works   Containing  Articles  on  Lead  and 
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Albrecht,  H.  Handbuch  der  Praktiscken  Gewerbekygiene. 
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Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning.         1191 

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1192        Appendix  VIII  —  Lead  and  Arsenic  Poisoning. 

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